References
Akins, K. A. 1993. A bat without qualities. In Consciousness, ed. M. Davies and G. Humphreys. Blackwell.
Allen, C. 1992a. Mental content. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 43: 537-553.
Allen, C. 1992b. Mental content and evolutionary explanation. Biology and Philosophy 7: 1-12.
Allen, C. 1995a. It isn´t what you think: A new idea about intentional causation. Nous 29: 115-126.
Allen, C. 1995b. Intentionality: Natural and artificial. In Comparative Approaches to Cognitive Science, ed. H. Roitblat and J.-A.Meyer. MIT Press.
Allen, C. 1996. Comparative psychology not folk phylogeny. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19: 122-123.
Allen, C. 1997. Animal cognition and animal minds. In Philosophy and the Sciences of the Mind, ed. P. Machamer and M. Carrier. Pittsburgh University Press.
Allen, C., and Bekoff, M. 1994. Intentionality, social play, and definition. Biology and Philosophy 9: 63-74.
Allen, C., and Bekoff, M. 1995a. Function, natural design, and animal behavior: Philosophical and ethological considerations. Perspectives on Ethology 11: 1-46.
Allen, C., and Bekoff, M. 1995b. Cognitive ethology and the intentionality of animal behavior. Mind and Language 10: 313-328.
Allen, C., and Hauser, M. D. 1991. Concept attribution in nonhuman animals: Theoretical and methodological problems in ascribing complex mental processes. Philosophy of Science 58: 221-240.
Allen, C., and Hauser, M. D. 1993. Communication and cognition: Is information the connection? Philosophy of Science Association 2: 81-91.
Allen, C., and Saidel, E. 1997. The evolution of reference. In The Evolution of Mind, ed. D. Cummins and C. Allen. Oxford University Press.
Allen, C., Bekoff, M., and Grant, M. C. 1997a. Where, what, and with whom to eat? Choices made by Steller´s jays (Cyanocitta stelleri). In preparation.
Allen, C., Bekoff, M., and Wolfe, A. 1997b. Feeding rates in Steller´s jays (Cyanocitta stelleri): Effects of food type and social conditions. In preparation.
Altmann, S. A. 1962. Social behavior of anthropoid primates: Analysis of recent concepts. In Roots of Behavior, ed. E. Bliss. Harper.
Baron-Cohen, S. 1995. Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind. MIT Press.
Barresi, J., and Moore, C. 1996. Intentional relations and social understanding. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19: 107-154.
Bateson, P. P. G. 1991. Assessment of pain in animals. Animal Behaviour 42: 827-839.
Beck, B. B. 1982. Chimpocentrism: Bias in cognitive ethology. Journal of Human Evolution 11: 3-17.
Bednekoff, P. A., and Ritter, R. 1994. Vigilance in Nxai Pan springbok, Antidorcas marsupialis. Behavior 129: 1-11.
Beer, C. G. 1982. Review of Lorenz, The Foundations of Ethology. American Scientist 70: 326.
Beer, C. G. 1991. From folk psychology to cognitive ethology. In Cognitive Ethology, ed. C. Ristau. Erlbaum.
Beer, C. 1992. Conceptual issues in cognitive ethology. Advances in the Study of Behavior 21: 69-109.
Bekoff, M. 1972. The development of social interaction, play, and metacommunication in mammals: An ethological perspective. Quarterly Review of Biology 47: 412-434.
Bekoff, M. 1974. Social play and play-soliciting by infant canids. American Zoologist 14: 323-340.
Bekoff, M. 1975. The communication of play intention: Are play signals functional? Semiotica 15: 231-239.
Bekoff, M. 1976. Animal play: Problems and perspectives. Perspectives in Ethology 2: 165-188.
Bekoff, M. 1977a. Social communication in canids: Evidence for the evolution of a stereotyped mammalian display. Science 197: 1097-1099.
Bekoff, M. 1977b. Mammalian dispersal and the ontogeny of individual behavioral phenotypes. American Naturalist 111: 715-732.
Bekoff, M. 1978a. Behavioral development in coyotes and Eastern coyotes. In Coyotes, ed. M. Bekoff. Academic Press.
Bekoff, M. 1978b. Social play: Structure, function, and the evolution of a cooperative social behavior. In The Development of Behavior, ed. G. Burghardt and M. Bekoff. Garland.
Bekoff, M. 1992. Description and explanation: A plea for plurality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15: 269-270.
Bekoff, M. 1993. Review of Griffin, Animal Minds. Ethology 95: 166-170.
Bekoff, M. 1994a. Cognitive ethology and the treatment of nonhuman animals: How matters of mind inform matters of welfare. Animal Welfare 3: 75-96.
Bekoff, M. 1994b But is it research? What price interdisciplinary interests. Biology and Philosophy 9: 249-251.
Bekoff, M. 1995a. Play signals as punctuation: The structure of social play in canids. Behavior 132: 419-429.
Bekoff, M. 1995b Cognitive ethology and the explanation of nonhuman animal behavior. In Comparative Approaches to Cognitive Science, ed. H. Roitblat and J.-A. Meyer. MIT Press.
Bekoff, M. 1995c. Vigilance, flock size, and flock geometry: Information gathering by western evening grosbeaks (Aves, fringillidae). Ethology 99: 150-161.
Bekoff, M. 1995d. Marking , trapping, and manipulating animals: Some methodological and ethical considerations. In Wildlife Mammals as Research Models, ed. K. Bayne and M. Kreger. Scientists' Center for Animal Welfare.
Bekoff, M. 1996. Cognitive ethology, vigilance, information gathering, and representation: Who might know what and why? Behavioral Processes 35: 225-237.
Bekoff, M., and Allen, C. 1992. Intentional icons: Towards an evolutionary cognitive ethology. Ethology 91: 1-16.
Bekoff, M., and Allen, C. 1996. Cognitive ethology: Slayers, skeptics, and proponents. In Anthropomorphism, Anecdote, and Animals, ed. R. Mitchell et al. SUNY Press.
Bekoff, M., and Byers, J. A. 1981. A critical reanalysis of the ontogeny of mammalian social and locomotor play: An ethological hornet´s nest. In Behavioral Development, ed. K. Immelmann et al. Cambridge University Press.
Bekoff, M., and Jamieson, D., eds. 1990a. Interpretation and Explanation in the Study of Animal Behavior, volume 1: Interpretation, Intentionality, and Communication. Westview.
Bekoff, M., and Jamieson, D., eds. 1990b. Interpretation and Explanation in the Study of Animal Behavior, volume 2: Explanation, Evolution, and Adaptation. Westview.
Bekoff, M., and Jamieson, D., eds. 1996a. Readings in Animal Cognition. MIT Press.
Bekoff, M., and Jamieson, D. 1996b. Ethics and the study of carnivores: Doing science while respecting animals. In Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, volume 2. Cornell University Press.
Bekoff, M., and Scott, A. C. 1989. Aggression, dominance, and social organization in evening grosbeaks. Ethology 83: 177-194.
Bekoff, M., Townsend, S. E., and Jamieson, D. 1994. Beyond monkey minds: Towards a richer cognitive ethology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17: 571-572.
Berger, J. 1979. "Predator harassment" as a defensive strategy in ungulates. American Midland Naturalist 102: 197-199.
Berger, J. 1991. Pregnancy incentives, predation constraints and habitat shifts: Experimental and field evidence for wild bighorn sheep. Animal Behaviour 41: 61-77.
Blumberg, M., and Wasserman, E. A. 1995. Animal mind and the argument from design. American Psychologist 50: 133-144.
Boakes, R. A. 1984. From Darwin to Behaviorism: Psychology and the Minds of Animals. Cambridge University Press.
Bogdan, R. J., ed. 1991. Belief: Form, Content and Function. Oxford University Press.
Bower, G. H., and Hilgard, E. R. 1981. Theories of Learning. Fifth edition. Prentice-Hall.
Boysen, S. T., and Capaldi, E. J., eds. 1993. The Development of Numerical Competence: Animal and Human Models. Erlbaum.
Brentano, F. 1874. Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt. Leipzig.
Burghardt, G. 1973. Instinct and innate behavior: Toward an ethological psychology. In The Study of Behavior, ed. J. Nevin and G. Reynolds. Scott, Foresman.
Burghardt, G. 1985. Animal awareness. American Psychologist 40: 905-919.
Burghardt, G. 1996. Play. In Encyclopedia of Comparative Psychology, ed. G. Greenberg and M. Haraway. Garland.
Burkhardt, R. W., Jr. 1981. On the emergence of ethology as a scientific discipline. Conspectus of History 1: 62-81.
Burkhardt, R. W., Jr. 1983. The development of an evolutionary ethology. In Evolution from Molecules to Men, ed. D. Bendall. Cambridge University Press.
Burkhardt, R. W., Jr. 1997. The founders of ethology and the problem of animal subjective experience. In Animal Consciousness and Animal Ethics, ed. M. Dol et al. Van Gorcum.
Burley, N., Krantzberg, G., and Radman, P. 1982. Influence of color-banding on the conspecific preferences of zebra finches. Animal Behaviour 30: 444-455.
Byrne, R. 1995. The Thinking Ape: Evolutionary Origins of Intelligence. Oxford University Press.
Byrne, R., and Whiten, A. 1988. Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Oxford University Press.
Caine, N. G., and Marra, S. L. 1988. Vigilance and social organization in two species of primates. Animal Behaviour 36: 897-904.
Caro, T, M. 1986. The functions of stotting in Thomson´s gazelles: Some tests of the predictions. Animal Behaviour 34: 663-684.
Caudill, M. 1992. In Our Own Image: Building An Artificial Person. Oxford University Press.
Chalmers, D. J. 1996. The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory. Oxford University Press.
Cheney, D. L., and Seyfarth, R. M. 1986. Vocal development in vervet monkeys. Animal Behaviour 34: 1640-1658.
Cheney, D. L., and Seyfarth, R. M. 1988. Assessment of meaning and detection of unreliable signals by vervet monkeys. Animal Behaviour 36: 477-486.
Cheney, D. L., and Seyfarth, R. M. 1990. How Monkeys See the World: Inside the Mind of Another Species. University of Chicago Press.
Cheney, D. L., and Seyfarth, R. M. 1992. Précis of How Monkeys See the World. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15: 135-182.
Chisholm, R. M. 1957. Perceiving: A Philosophical Study. Cornell University Press.
Christensen, S. M., and Turner, D. R., eds. 1993. Folk Psychology and the Philosophy of Mind. Erlbaum.
Churchland, P. M. 1981. Eliminative materialism and the propositional attitudes. Journal of Philosophy 78: 67-90.
Churchland, P. M. 1995. The Engine of Reason, the Seat of the Soul: A Philosophical Journey into the Brain. MIT Press.
Clark, A. 1993. Mice, shrews, and misrepresentation. Journal of Philosophy 90: 290-310.
Colgan, P. 1989. Animal Motivation. Chapman and Hall.
Cosmides, L., and Tooby, J. 1997. In The Evolution of Mind, ed. D. Cummins and C. Allen. Oxford University Press.
Crick, F. 1994. The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. Scribner.
Crist, E.1996. Darwin's anthropomorphism: an argument for animal-human continuity. Advances in Human Ecology 5: 33-83.
Cronin, H. 1992. Review of Griffin, Animal Minds. New York Times Book Review, November 1: 14.
Cummins, D. 1996. Evidence for the innateness of deontic reasoning. Mind and Language 11: 160-190.
Cummins, D., and Allen, C., eds. 1997. The Evolution of Mind. Oxford University Press.
Cummins, R. 1975. Functional analysis. Journal of Philosophy 72: 741-765.
Curio, E. M. 1976. The Ethology of Predation. Springer-Verlag.
Dahlbohm, B. 1993. Introduction. In Dennett and His Critics ed. B. Dahlbohm. Blackwell.
Darwin, C. 1871. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. Reprinted by Random House (Modern Library) in 1936. (Page numbers cited are from 1936 edition.)
Darwin, C. 1872. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Appleton.
Darwin, C. 1896. Insectivorous Plants. Appleton.
Davis, H., and Balfour, D. eds. 1992. The Inevitable Bond: Examining Scientist-Animal Interactions. Cambridge University Press.
Davis, H., and Perusse, R. 1988. Numerical competence in animals: Definitional issues, current evidence, and a new research agenda. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11: 561-615.
Dawkins, M. S. 1993. Through Our Eyes Only? Freeman.
Dawkins, M. S. 1995. Unravelling Animal Behavior. Second edition. Wiley.
Dawkins, R., and Krebs, J. 1978. Animal signals: Information or manipulation? In Behavioral Ecology, ed. J. Krebs and N. Davies. Sinauer.
Deneubourg, J. L., and Goss, C. 1989. Collective patterns and decision making. Ethology Ecology, and Evolution 1: 295-311.
Dennett, D. C. 1969. Content and Consciousness. Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Dennett, D. C. 1983. Intentional systems in cognitive ethology: The "Panglossian paradigm" defended. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6: 343-390.
Dennett, D. C. 1987. The Intentional Stance. MIT Press.
Dennett, D. C. 1988. Quining qualia. In Consciousness in Contemporary Science, ed. A. Marcel and E. Bisiach. Oxford University Press.
Dennett, D. C. 1991. Consciousness Explained. Little, Brown.
Dennett, D. C. 1995. Darwin´s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. Simon and Schuster.
Dennett, D. C. 1996. Kinds of Minds. Basic Books.
Dewsbury, D. A. 1989. A brief history of the study of animal behavior in North America. Perspectives on Ethology 8: 85-122.
Dewsbury, D. A. 1990. Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907-1988). American Psychologist 45: 67-68.
Dickinson, A., and Dawson, G. R. 1988. Motivational control of instrumental performance: The role of prior experience of the reinforcer. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 40B: 113-134.
Dickinson, A., and Dawson, G. R. 1989. Incentive learning and the motivational control of instrumental performance. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 41B: 99-112.
Donald, M. 1991. Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition. Harvard University Press.
Dretske, F. 1986. Misrepresentation. In Belief, ed. R. Bogdan. Oxford University Press.
Dretske, F. 1988. Explaining Behavior: Reasons in a World of Causes. MIT Press.
Dretske, F. 1995. Naturalizing the Mind. MIT Press.
Dusenberry, D. B. 1992. Sensory Ecology: How Organisms Acquire and Respond to Information. Freeman.
Edelman, G. M. 1992. Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind. Basic Books.
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. 1975. Ethology: The Biology of Behavior, second edition. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Elgar, M. A. 1989. Predator vigilance and group size in mammals and birds: A critical review of the empirical evidence. Biological Reviews 64: 13-33.
Elgar, M. A., Burren, P. J., and Posen, M. 1984. Vigilance and perception of flock size in foraging house sparrows Passer domesticus L. Behavior 90: 215-223.
Emmerton, J., and Delius, J. D. 1993. Beyond sensation: Visual cognition in pigeons. In Vision, Brain, and Behavior in Birds, ed. H. Zeigler and H.-J. Bischof. MIT Press.
Enç, B. 1995. Units of behavior. Philosophy of Science 62: 523-542.
Estes, R. D. 1991. The Behavior Guide to African Mammals Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, and Primates. University of California Press.
Evans, C., and Marler, P. 1995. Language and animal communication: Parallels and contrasts. In Comparative Approaches to Cognitive Science, ed. H. Roitblat and J.-A. Meyer. MIT Press.
Fagen, R. 1981. Animal Play Behavior. Oxford University Press.
Fagen, R. 1993. Primate juveniles and primate play. In Juvenile Primates, ed. M. Pereira and L. Fairbanks. Oxford University Press.
Feddersen-Petersen, D. 1991. The ontogeny of social play and agonistic behavior in selected canid species. Bonn Zoologische Beitrage 42: 97-114.
Fernald, L. D. 1984. The Hans Legacy: A Story of Science. Erlbaum.
Fisher, J. A. 1996. The myth of anthropomorphism. In Readings in Animal Cognition, ed. M. Bekoff and D. Jamieson. MIT Press.
Flanagan, O. J. 1992. Consciousness Reconsidered. MIT Press.
Flavell, J., Flavell, E., and Green, F. 1987. Young children´s knowledge about the apparent-real and pretend-real distinctions. Developmental Psychology 23, no. 6: 816-822.
Fodor, J. A. 1987. Psychosemantics: The Problem of Meaning in the Philosophy of Mind. MIT Press.
Fodor, J. A. 1994. The Elm and the Expert. MIT Press.
Frey, R. G. 1980. Interests and Rights: The Case against Animals. Oxford University Press.
Galef, B. G., Jr. 1996a. Tradition in animals: Field observations and laboratory analyses. In Readings in Animal Cognition, ed. M. Bekoff and D. Jamieson. MIT Press.
Galef, B. G., Jr. 1996b. Tradition and imitation in animals. In Encyclopedia of Comparative Psychology, ed. G. Greenberg and M. Haraway. Garland.
Gallup, G. G., Jr. 1970. Chimpanzees: Self-recognition. Science 167: 86-87.
Gerstner, G. E., and Fazio, V. A. 1995. Evidence of a universal perceptual unit in mammals. Ethology 101: 89-100.
Godfrey-Smith, P. 1988. Review of Millikan, Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 66: 25-28.
Godfrey-Smith, P. 1991. Signal, decision, action. Journal of Philosophy 91: 709-722.
Golani, I. 1992. A mobility gradient in the organization of movement: The perception of movement through symbolic language. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15: 249-308.
Gopnik, A. 1993. Psychopsychology. Consciousness and Cognition 2: 264-280.
Gordon, D. M. 1992. Wittgenstein and ant-watching. Biology and Philosophy 7: 13-25.
Gordon, D. M., Paul, R. E., and Thorpe, K. 1993. What is the function of encounter patterns in ant colonies? Animal Behaviour 45: 1083-1100.
Gould, J. L. 1986. The locale map of honey bees: Do insects have cognitive maps? Science 232: 860-863.
Gould, J. L., and Gould, C. G. 1994. The Animal Mind. Scientific American Library, W. H. Freeman.
Greenwood, J. D., ed. 1991. The Future of Folk Psychology: Intentionality and Cognitive Science. Cambridge University Press.
Gregory, R. L. 1986. Odd Perceptions. Methuen.
Grice, H. P. 1957. Meaning. Philosophical Review 66: 377-388.
Griffin, D. R. 1976. The Question of Animal Awareness: Evolutionary Continuity of Mental Experience. Rockefeller University Press (second edition: 1981).
Griffin, D. R. 1978. Prospects for a cognitive ethology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4: 527-538.
Griffin, D. R. 1984. Animal Thinking. Harvard University Press.
Griffin, D. R. 1992. Animal Minds. University of Chicago Press.
Guilford, T., and Dawkins, M. S. 1991. Receiver psychology and the evolution of animal signals. Animal Behaviour 42: 1-14.
Guthrie, E. R. 1952. The Psychology of Learning. Harper.
Hailman, J. P. 1967. An Introduction to Animal Behavior: Ethology´s First Century. Prentice-Hall.
Hailman, J. P. 1977. Optical Signals: Animal Communication and Light. Indiana University Press.
Hameroff, S. R., Kaszniak, A. W., and Scott, A. C., eds. 1996. Toward a Science of Consciousness: The First Tucson Discussions and Debates. MIT Press.
Hardin, C. L. 1996. Color for Philosophers: Unweaving the Rainbow. Hackett.
Harman, G. 1984. Positive versus negative undermining in belief revision. Nous 18: 39-50.
Hauser, M. D. 1988. Invention and social transmission: New data from wild vervet monkeys. In Machiavellian Intelligence, ed. R. Byrne and A. Whiten. Oxford University Press.
Hauser, M. D., and Carey, S. 1997. Building a cognitive creature from a set of primitives: Evolutionary and developmental insights. In The Evolution of Mind, ed. D. Cummins and C. Allen. Oxford University Press.
Hauser, M. D., and Marler, P. 1993a. Food associated calls in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). I. Socioecological factors. Behavioral Ecology 4: 194-205.
Hauser, M. D., and Marler, P. 1993b. Food associated calls in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). II. Costs and benefits of call production and suppression. Behavioral Ecology 4: 206-212.
Hauser, M. D., and Nelson, D. A. 1991. "Intentional" signaling in animal communication. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 6: 186-189.
Hauser, M. D., Kralik, J., Botto-Mahan, C., Garrett, M., and Oser, J. 1995. Self-recognition in primates: Phylogeny and the salience of species-typical features. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 92: 10811-10814.
Hearst, E. 1975. The classical-instrumental distinction: Reflexes, voluntary behavior, and categories of associative learning. In Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes, volume 2, ed. W. Estes. Erlbaum.
Heinsohn, R., and Packer, C. 1995. Complex cooperative strategies in group-territorial African lions. Science 269: 1260-1262.
Henson, P., and Grant, T. A. 1991. The effects of human disturbance on trumpeter swan breeding behavior. Wildlife Society Bulletin 19: 248-257.
Hershberger, W. A. 1986. An approach through the looking-glass. Animal Learning and Behavior 14: 443-451.
Heyes, C. 1987a. Cognisance of consciousness in the study of animal knowledge. In Evolutionary Epistemology, ed. W. Callebaut and R. Pinxten. Reidel.
Heyes, C. 1987b. Contrasting approaches to the legitimation of intentional language within comparative psychology. Behaviorism 15: 41-50.
Heyes, C. 1993. Imitation, culture and cognition. Animal Behaviour 46: 999-1010.
Heyes, C. 1994a. Reflections on self-recognition in primates. Animal Behaviour 47: 909-919.
Heyes, C. 1994b. Social learning in animals: Categories and mechanisms. Biological Review 69: 207-231.
Heyes, C. 1994c. Social cognition in primates. In Animal Learning and Cognition, ed. N. MacIntosh. Academic.
Heyes, C. 1994d. Cues, convergence, and curmudgeon: A reply to Povinelli. Animal Behaviour 48: 242-244.
Heyes, C., and Dickinson, A. 1990. The intentionality of animal action. Mind and Language 5: 87-104.
Heyes, C., and Dickinson, A. 1995. Folk psychology won´t go away: Response to Allen and Bekoff. Mind and Language 10: 329-332.
Hill, H. L., and Bekoff, M. 1977. The variability of some motor components of social play and agonistic behavior in infant Eastern coyotes Canis latrans var. Animal Behaviour 25: 907-909.
Hinde, R. A. 1970. Animal Behavior: A Synthesis of Ethology and Comparative Psychology. McGraw-Hill.
Hölldobler, B., and Wilson, E. O. 1990. The Ants. Harvard University Press.
Holley, A. J. F. 1993. Do brown hares signal to foxes? Ethology 94: 21-30.
Huber, P. 1810. Recherches sur les moeurs des fourmis indigenes. J. J. Paschoud.
Hughes, S. 1990. Antelope activate the acacia´s alarm system. New Scientist 127, September 29: 19.
Hull, C. L. 1943. Principles of Behavior: An Introduction to Behavior Theory. Appleton-Century.
Humphrey, N. 1976. The social function of intellect. In Growing Points in Ethology, ed. P. Bateson and R. Hinde. Cambridge University Press. Reprinted in Byrne and Whiten 1988.
Humphrey, N. 1977. Review of Griffin, The Question of Animal Awareness. Animal Behaviour 25: 521-522.
Jackson, F. 1986. What Mary didn't know. Journal of Philosophy 83: 291-295.
Jamieson, D., and Bekoff, M. 1993. On aims and methods of cognitive ethology. Philosophy of Science Association 2: 110-124.
Jolly, A. 1966. Lemur social behavior and primate intelligence. Science 153: 501-506. Reprinted in Byrne and Whiten 1988.
Kamil, A. C. 1987. A synthetic approach to the study of animal intelligence. Reprinted in Behavioral Mechanisms in Evolutionary Ecology, ed. L. Real (University of Chicago Press, 1994).
Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., and Jessell, T. M. 1991. Principles of Neural Science, third edition. Elsevier.
Kennedy, J. S. 1992. The New Anthropomorphism. Cambridge University Press.
Kimble, G. A. 1994. A new formula for behaviorism. Psychological Review 101: 254-258.
Kinkel, L. K. 1989. Lasting effects of wing tags on ring-billed gulls. Auk 106: 619-624.
Klemm, W. R. 1992. Are there EEG correlates of mental states in animals? Pharmacoelectroencephalography 26: 151-165.
Konorski, J., and Miller, S. 1937a. On two types of conditioned reflex. Journal of General Psychology 16: 264-272.
Konorski, J., and Miller, S. 1937b. Further remarks on two types of conditioned reflex. Journal of General Psychology 17: 405-407.
Kornblith, H. 1985. Naturalizing Epistemology. MIT Press.
Krebs, J. R., and Dawkins, R. 1984. Animal signals: Mind-reading and manipulation. In Behavioral Ecology, ed. J. Krebs and N. Davies. Sinauer.
Kreger, M. D., and Mench, J. A. 1995. Visitor-animal interactions at the zoo. Anthrozoös 8: 143-158.
Kripke, S. 1972. Naming and Necessity. Harvard University Press.
Krushinsky, L. V. 1990. Experimental Studies of Elementary Reasoning: Evolutionary, Physiological and Genetic Aspects of Behavior. National Library of Medicine.
Lazarus, J. 1990. Looking for trouble. New Scientist 125: 62-65.
Lehner, P. N. 1979. Handbook of Ethological Methods. Garland.
Lehrman, D. S. 1953. A critique of Konrad Lorenz's theory of instinctive behavior. Quarterly Review of Biology 28: 337-363.
Lehrman, D. S. 1970. Semantic and conceptual issues in the nature-nurture problem. In Development and Evolution of Behavior, ed. L. Aronson et al. Freeman.
Leslie, A. M. 1987. Pretense and representation: The origins of "theory of mind. " Psychological Review 94: 412-426.
Lima, S. L. 1987. Distance to cover, visual obstructions, and vigilance in house sparrows. Behavior 102: 231-238.
Lima, S. L. 1994. On the personal benefits of anti-predatory vigilance. Animal Behaviour 48: 734-736.
Lima, S. L. 1995a. Collective detection of predatory attack by social foragers: Fraught with ambiguity? Animal Behaviour 50: 1097-1108.
Lima, S. L. 1995b. Back to the basics of anti-predatory vigilance: The group size effect. Animal Behaviour 49: 11-20.
Lima, S. L. 1996. The influence of models on the interpretation of vigilance. In Readings in Animal Cognition, ed. M. Bekoff and D. Jamieson. MIT Press.
Lima, S. L., and Dill, L. M. 1990. Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: A review and prospectus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 619-640.
Lipetz, V. E., and Bekoff, M. 1980. Possible functions of predator harassment in pronghorn antelope. Journal of Mammalogy 61: 741-743.
Lipetz, V. E., and Bekoff, M. 1982. Group size and vigilance in pronghorns. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 58: 203-216.
Lloyd Morgan, C. 1894. An Introduction to Comparative Psychology. Walter Scott.
Lorenz, K. Z. 1981. The Foundations of Ethology. Springer-Verlag.
Lorenz, K. Z. 1991. Here Am I--Where Are You? The Behavior of the Greylag Goose. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Lorenz, K. Z. 1996. The Natural Science of the Human Species: An Introduction to Comparative Behavioral Research. MIT Press.
Lycan, W. G. 1987. Consciousness. MIT Press.
Lycan, W. G. 1996. Folk psychology and its discontents. In Philosophy and the Sciences of the Mind, ed. P. Machamer and M. Carrier. Pittsburgh University Press.
Macedonia, J. M., and Evans, C. S. 1993. Variation among mammalian alarm call systems and the problem of meaning in animal signals. Ethology 93: 177-197.
Major, R. E. 1990. The effect of human observers on the intensity of nest predation. Ibis 132: 608-612.
Malcolm, N. 1973. Thoughtless brutes. Proceedings and Addresses of American Philosophical Association 46 (November): 5-20.
Manson, M. D. 1992. Bacteria motility and chemotaxis. Advances in Microbial Physiology 33: 277-346.
Marler, P. 1968. Visual systems. In Animal Communications, ed. T. Sebeok. Indiana University Press.
Marler, C., and Evans, P. 1995. Bird calls: Just emotional displays or something more? Ibis 138: 26-33.
Marler, P., Karakashian, S., and Gyger, M. 1991. Do animals have the option of withholding signals when communication is inappropriate? The audience effect. In Cognitive Ethology, ed. C. Ristau. Erlbaum.
Martin, P. R., and Bateson, P. P. G. 1993. Measuring Behavior: An Introductory Guide. Second edition. Cambridge University Press.
Martin, P., and Caro, T. M. 1985. On the functions of play and its role in behavioral development. Advances in the Study of Behavior 15: 59-103.
Mather, J. A. 1995. Cognition in cephalopods. Advances in the Study of Behavior 24: 317-353.
McBride, G., James, J. W., and Shoffner, R. N. 1963. Social forces determining spacing and head orientation in a flock of domestic hens. Nature 197: 1272-1273.
McFarland, D., and Bösser, T. 1993. Intelligent Behavior in Animals and Robots. MIT Press.
McGinn, C. 1991. The Problem of Consciousness: Essays toward a Resolution. Blackwell.
McLean, I. G., and Rhodes, G. 1991. Enemy recognition and response in birds. Current Ornithology 8: 173-211.
Meltzoff, A., and Gopnik, A. 1993. The role of imitation in understanding persons and developing a theory of mind. In Understanding Other Minds, ed. S. Baron-Cohen et al. Oxford University Press.
Metcalfe, N. B. 1984a. The effects of habitat on the vigilance of shorebirds: Is visibility important? Animal Behaviour 32: 981-985.
Metcalfe, N. B. 1984b. The effects of mixed-species flocking on the vigilance of shorebirds: Who do they trust? Animal Behaviour 32: 986-993.
Metzinger, T., ed. 1995. Conscious Experience. Ferdinand Schoningh.
Millikan, R. G. 1984. Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories. MIT Press.
Millikan, R. G. 1986. Thoughts without laws: Cognitive science without content. Philosophical Review 95: 47-80.
Millikan, R. G. 1989. In defense of proper functions. Philosophy of Science 56: 288-302.
Millikan, R. G. 1993. White Queen Psychology and Other Essays for Alice. MIT Press.
Mitani, J. 1995. Next of Kin. Scientific American 272, June: 116-117.
Mitchell, R. W. 1990: A theory of play. In Interpretation and Explanation in the Study of Animal Behavior, volume I, ed. M. Bekoff and D. Jamieson. Westview.
Mitchell, R. W. 1996. The history and method of anthropomorphic analysis of anecdotes about animals and God in Western Science. In Anthropomorphism, Anecdote, and Animals, ed. R. Mitchell et al. SUNY Press.
Morton, A. 1996. Folk psychology is not a predictive device. Mind 105: 119-137.
Munn, C. A. 1986. The deceptive use of alarm calls by sentinel species in mixed-species flocks of neotropical birds. In Deception, ed. R. Mitchell and N. Thompson. SUNY Press.
Nagel, T. 1974. What is it like to be a bat? Philosophical Review 83: 435-405.
Natsoulas, T. 1978. Consciousness. American Psychologist 33: 906-914.
Nelkin, N. 1993. What is consciousness? Philosophy of Science 60: 419-434.
Nicol, C. J. 1996. Farm animal cognition. Animal Sciences 62: 375-391.
Osztreiher, R. 1995. Influence of the observer on the frequency of the "morning dance" in Australian babblers. Ethology 100: 320-330.
Parker, S. T., Boccia, M. L., and Mitchell, R. W., eds. 1994. Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans. Cambridge University Press.
Parker, S. T., and Milbrath, C. 1994. Contributions of imitation and role-playing games to the construction of self in primates. In Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans: Developmental Perspectives, ed. S. Parker et al. Cambridge University Press.
Pearce. J. M. 1987. Introduction to Animal Cognition. Erlbaum.
Penrose, R. 1994. Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness. Oxford University Press.
Pepperberg, I. M. 1987: Acquisition of the same/different concept by an African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus): Learning with respect to categories of color, shape, and material. Animal Learning and Behavior 15: 423-432.
Pepperberg, I. M. 1990. Some cognitive capacities of an African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus). Advances in the Study of Behavior 19: 357-409.
Pineau, O., Hafner, H., and Kayser, Y. 1992. Influence of capture and wing tagging on the little egret (Egretta garzetta) during the breeding season. La Terre et la Vie 47: 199-204.
Popper, K. R. 1959. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Basic Books.
Povinelli, D. J. 1994a. Comparative studies of animal mental state attribution: a reply to Heyes. Animal Behaviour 48: 239-241.
Povinelli, D. J. 1994b. How to create self-recognizing gorillas (but don´t try it on macaques). In Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans, ed. S. Parker et al. Cambridge University Press.
Povinelli, D. J. 1996. Chimpanzee theory of mind? The long road to strong inference. In Theories of theories of mind, ed. P. Carruthers and P. Smith. Cambridge University Press.
Povinelli, D. J., and Cant, J. G. H. 1995. Arboreal clambering and the evolution of self-conception. Quarterly Review of Biology 70: 393-421.
Povinelli, D. J., Nelson, K. E., and Boysen, S. T. 1990. Inferences about guessing and knowing by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Comparative Psychology 105: 318-325.
Premack, D. 1986. Gavagai! or the Future History of the Animal Language Controversy. MIT Press.
Premack, D. 1988. "Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?" revisited. In Machiavellian Intelligence, ed. R. Byrne and A. Whiten. Oxford University Press.
Premack, D., and Woodruff, G. 1978. Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4: 515-526.
Purton, A. C. 1978. Ethological categories of behavior and some consequences of their conflation. Animal Behaviour 26: 653-670.
Quenette, P.-Y. 1990. Functions of vigilance behavior in mammals: A review. Acta Oecologica 11: 801-818.
Quine, W. V. O. 1953. From a Logical Point of View. Harvard University Press.
Rachels, J. 1990. Created from Animals: The Moral Implications of Darwinism. Oxford University Press.
Rachlin, H. 1991. Introduction to Modern Behaviorism, Third edition. Freeman.
Redpath, S. 1988. Vigilance levels in preening Dunlin Calidris alpina. Ibis 130: 555-557.
Richards, R. J. 1987. Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior. University of Chicago Press.
Ristau, C. 1991. Aspects of the cognitive ethology of an injury-feigning bird, the piping plover. In Cognitive Ethology, ed. C. Ristau. Erlbaum.
Roberts, W. A., and Mazmanian, D. S. 1988. Concept learning at different levels of abstraction by pigeons, monkeys and people. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Proceedings 14: 247-260.
Robinson, D. N. 1989. Aristotle´s Psychology. Columbia University Press.
Roitblat, H. L., and J.-A. Meyer, eds. 1995. Comparative Approaches to Cognitive Science. MIT Press.
Rollin, B. E. 1989. The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain and Science. Oxford University Press.
Rollin, B. E. 1990. How the animals lost their minds: Animal mentation and scientific ideology. In Interpretation and Explanation in the Study of Animal Behavior, volume I, ed. M. Bekoff and D. Jamieson. Westview.
Romanes, G. J. 1883. Animal Intelligence. Appleton.
Rose, L. M., and Fedigan, L. M. 1994. Vigilance in white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus, in Costa Rica. Animal Behaviour 49: 63-70.
Rosenberg, A. 1988. Philosophy of Social Science. Westview.
Rosenberg, A. 1990. Is there an evolutionary biology of play? In Interpretation and Explanation in the Study of Animal Behavior, volume 1, ed. M. Bekoff and D. Jamieson. Westview.
Ryle, G. 1949. The Concept of Mind. Hutchinson.
Saidel, E. J. 1992. What price neurophilosophy? Philosophy of Science Association 1: 461-468.
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. 1990. Language as a cause-effect communication system. Philosophical Psychology 3: 55-76.
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., Williams, S. L., Furuichi, T., and Kano, T. 1996. Language perceived: Paniscus branches out. In Great Ape Societies, ed. W. McGrew et al. Cambridge University Press.
Schaller, G. B., and Lowther, G. R. 1969. The relevance of social carnivore behavior to the study of early hominids. Southwest Journal of Anthropology 25: 307-341.
Scheel, D. 1993. Watching for lions in the grass: The usefulness of scanning and its effects during hunts. Animal Behaviour 46: 695-704.
Searle, J. R. 1980. Minds, brains and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3: 417-424.
Searle, J. R. 1992. The Rediscovery of the Mind. MIT Press.
Seyfarth. R. M., Cheney, D. L., and Marler, P. 1980. Vervet monkey alarm calls: Semantic communication in a free-ranging primate. Animal Behaviour 28: 1070-1094.
Shallice, T. 1988. From Neurophysiology to Mental Structure. Cambridge University Press.
Shannon, C. E., and Weaver, W. 1949. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press.
Shapiro, L. 1992. Darwin and disjunction: Foraging theory and univocal assignments of content. Philosophy of Science Association 1: 469-480.
Shapiro, L. 1994. Behavior, ISO functionalism, and psychology. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 25: 191-209.
Shapiro, L. 1997. The Nature of Nature: Rethinking Naturalistic Theories of Thought. Manuscript, Department of Philosophy, University of Wisconsin.
Shettleworth, S. J. 1993. Where is the comparison in comparative cognition? Alternative research programs. Psychological Science 3: 179-184.
Skinner, B. F. 1974. About Behaviorism. Knopf.
Skutch, A. F. 1996. The Minds of Birds. Texas A&M University Press.
Smith, L. D. 1986. Behaviorism and Logical Positivism: A Reassessment of the Alliance. Stanford University Press.
Smith, P. K., and Carruthers, P. 1996. Theories of Theories of Mind. Cambridge University Press.
Smith, W. J. 1977. The Behavior of Communicating: An Ethological Approach. Harvard University Press.
Sober, E. 1993. Philosophy of Biology. Westview Press.
Sober, E. 1997. Morgan´s canon. In The Evolution of Mind, ed. D Cummins and C. Allen. Oxford University Press.
Sterelny, K. 1997. Navigating the social world: Simulation versus theory. Philosophical Books XX: xxx-xxx.
Stich, S. P. 1978: Beliefs and subdoxastic states. Philosophy of Science 45: 499-518.
Stich, S. 1983. From Folk Psychology to Cognitive Science. MIT Press.
Stich, S. 1992. What is a theory of mental representation? Mind 101: 243-61.
Stich, S., and Ravenscroft, I. 1994. What is folk psychology? Cognition 50: 447-468.
Strawson, G. 1994. Mental Reality. MIT Press.
Sullivan, K. A. 1984. Information exploitation by downy woodpeckers in mixed-species flocks. Behavior 91: 294-311.
Templeton, J. J., and Giraldeau, L.-A. 1995. Public information cues affect the scrounging decisions of starlings. Animal Behaviour 49: 1617-1626.
Templeton, J. J., and Giraldeau, L.-A. 1996. Vicarious sampling: the use of personal and public information by starlings foraging in a simple patchy environment. Ecology and Sociobiology 38: 105-114.
Thompson, K. V. 1996. Behavioral development and play. In Wild Mammals in Captivity, ed. D. Kleiman et al. University of Chicago Press.
Thorpe, W. H. 1979. The Origins and Rise of Ethology. Praeger.
Tinbergen, N. 1951. The Study of Instinct. Oxford University Press (1989 edition).
Tinbergen, N. 1963. On aims and methods of ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 20: 410-433.
Tinbergen, N. 1969. Curious Naturalists. Anchor Books.
Tinbergen, N. 1972. Foreword to Hans Kruuk, The Spotted Hyena. University of Chicago Press.
Tinbergen, E. A., and Tinbergen, N. 1972. Early childhood autism--an ethological approach. Advances in Ethology (supplement to Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie) 10: 1-53.
Tinklepaugh, O. L. 1928. An experimental study of representative factors in monkeys. Journal of Comparative Psychology 8: 197-236.
Toates, F. 1995. Animal motivation and cognition. In Comparative Approaches to Cognitive Science, ed. H. Roitblat and J.-A. Meyer. MIT Press.
Tolman, E. C. 1951. Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men. Irvington.
Tomasello, M., B. L. George, A. C. Kruger, M. Jeffry, and F. A. Evans. 1985. The development of gestural communication in young chimpanzees. Journal of Human Evolution 14: 175-186.
Tomasello, M., D. Gust, and G. T. Frost. 1989. A longitudinal investigation of gestural communication in young chimpanzees. Primates 30: 35-50.
Treves, A. 1997. The influence of group size and near neighbors on vigilance in two species of arboreal monkeys. Behaviour XX: xxx-zzz.
Triesman, M. 1975a. Predation and the evolution of gregariousness. I. Models for concealment and evasion. Animal Behaviour 23: 779-800.
Triesman, M. 1975b. Predation and the evolution of gregariousness. II. An economic model for predator-prey interactions. Animal Behaviour 23: 801-825.
Tye, M. 1992. Naturalism and the mental. Mind 101: 421-441.
Tye, M. 1995. Ten Problems of Consciousness: A Representational Theory of the Phenomenal Mind. MIT Press.
van den Bos, R. 1997. Reflections on the organisation of mind, brain and behavior. In Animal Consciousness and Animal Ethics, ed. M. Dol et al. Van Gorcum.
van Valen, L. M. 1996. On interdisciplinary and such. Biology and Philosophy 11: 255-257.
Vauclair, J. 1996. Animal Cognition: An Introduction to Modern Comparative Psychology. Harvard University Press.
Von Eckardt, B. 1993. What Is Cognitive Science? MIT Press.
von Uexküll, J. 1909. Umwelt und Innenwelt der Tiere. Springer-Verlag. Excerpted in Foundations of Comparative Ethology, ed. G. Burghardt (Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985).
Warburton, K., and Lazarus, J. 1991. Tendency-distance models of social cohesion in animal groups. Journal of Theoretical Biology 150: 473-488.
Watanabe, S., Lea, S. E. G., and Dittrich, W. H. 1993. What can we learn from experiments on pigeon concept discrimination? In Vision, Brain, and Behavior in Birds, ed. H. Zeigler and H.-J. Bischof. MIT Press.
Watson, D. M., and Croft, D. B. 1996. Age-related differences in playfighting strategies of captive male red-necked wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus banksianus). Ethology 102: 336-346.
Watson, J. B. 1930. Behaviorism. Norton.
Whiten, A., and R. Ham 1992. On the nature and evolution of imitation in the animal kingdom: Reappraisal of a century of research. Advances in the Study of Behavior 21: 239-283.
Wicksten, M. 1980. Decorator crabs. Scientific American 242: 146-154.
Wilder, H. 1996. Interpretive cognitive ethology. In Readings in Animal Cognition, ed. M. Bekoff and D. Jamieson. MIT Press.
Wilkes, K. 1984. Is consciousness important? British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 35: 223-243.
Wilkes, K. 1995. Losing consciousness. In Conscious Experience, ed. T. Metzinger. Ferdinand Schoningh.
Williams, G. C. 1992. Natural Selection: Domains, Levels, and Challenges. Oxford University Press.
Wilson, R. P., Culik, B., Danfeld, R., and Adelung, D. 1991. People in Antarctica--how much do Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae care? Polar Biology 11: 363-370.
Wittgenstein, L. 1953. Philosophical Investigations. Macmillan.
Yäber, M. C., and Herrera, E. A. 1994. Vigilance, group size and social status in capybaras. Animal Behaviour 48: 1301-1307.
Yoerg, S. I. 1991. Ecological frames of mind: The role of cognition in behavioral ecology. Quarterly Review of Biology 66: 287-301.
Yoerg, S. I., and Kamil, A. C. 1991. Integrating cognitive ethology with cognitive psychology. In Cognitive Ethology, ed. C. Ristau. Erlbaum.