Abram, D. (1996). The Spell of the Sensuous. New York: Vintage Books.
Ackers, S. H. (1997). The communicative function of variation in Gunnison's prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni) alarm calls. Ph. D. Dissertation, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff.
Ackers, S. H. and Slobodchikoff, C. N. (1999). Communication of stimulus size and shape in alarm calls of Gunnison's prairie dogs. Ethology 105: 149-162.
Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Damasio, A.R. (1998). The human amygdala in social judgement. Nature 393: 470-474.
Agnetta, B., Hare, B., and Tomasello, M. (2000). Cues to food location that domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) of different ages do and do not use. Animal Cognition 2: 107-112. [2]
Aiello, L., and Wheeler, P. (1995). The Expensive Tissue Hypothesis. Current Anthropology 36: 199-221. [2]
Akins, C. K. (2000). Effects of species-specific cues and the CS-US interval on the topography of the sexually conditioned response. Learning and Motivation 31: 211-235.
Akins, C. K., Domjan, M., and Gutiérrez, G. (1994). Topography of sexually conditioned behavior in male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) depends on the CS-US interval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavioral Processes 20: 199-209.
Akins, C. K., and Domjan, M. (1996). The topography of sexually conditioned behaviour: Effects of a Trace Interval. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 49B: 346-356.
Alberts, J. R. (1987). Early learning and ontogenetic adaptation. In Perinatal Development: A Psychological Perspective, ed. N. A. Krasnegor, E. M. Blass, M. A. Hofer and W. P. Smotherman, pp. 11-37. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Alberts, S.C. (1994). Vigilance in young baboons: Effects of habitat, age, sex and maternal rank on glance rate. Animal Behaviour 47: 749-755.
Alberts, S.C., Sapolsky, R.M., Altmann, G. (1992). Behavioral, endocrine and immunological correlates of immigration by an aggressive male into a natural primate group. Hormones and Behavior 26: 167-178.
Aldis, O. (1975). Play fighting. New York: Academic Press.
Allen, C. (1992a). Mental content and evolutionary explanation. Biology and Philosophy 7: 1-12.
Allen, C. (1992b). Mental content. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 43: 537-553.
Allen, C. (1999). Animal concepts revisited: the use of self-monitoring as an empirical approach. Erkenntnis 51: 33-40. [2]
Allen, C. (forthcoming). Real Traits, Real Functions? In Functions and Functional Analysis in the Philosophy of Biology and Psychology, ed. A. Ariew, M. Perlman, and R. Cummins. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Allen, C. (in press). A tale of two froggies. Canadian Journal of Philosophy.
Allen, C. and Bekoff, M. (1997). Species of Mind: The Philosophy and Biology of Cognitive Ethology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. [9]
Allen, C. and Hauser, M. (1993). Communication and cognition: is information the connection? Philosophy of Science Association 1992, vol. 2: 81-91.
Allen, C. and Hauser, M. D. (1991). Concept attribution in nonhuman animals: Theoretical and methodological problems in ascribing complex mental processes. Philosophy of Science 58: 221-240. [2]
Allen, C. and Saidel, E. (1998). The evolution of reference. In The Evolution of Mind, ed. D. Cummins and C. Allen, pp. 183-203. New York: Oxford University Press. [3]
Allen, C., Bekoff, M. and Lauder, G. (eds.) (1998). Nature's Purposes: Analyses of Function and Design in Biology. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
Allen, C., and Bekoff, M. (1994). Intentionality, social play, and definition. Biology and Philosophy 9: 63-74.
Allen, C., and Bekoff, M. (1995). Function, natural design, and animal behavior: philosophical and ethological considerations. In Perspectives in Ethology, Volume 11: Behavioral Design, ed. N.S. Thompson, pp. 1-47. New York: Plenum Press.
Allen, J.A. (1988). Frequency-dependent selection by predators. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B 319: 485-503.
Allison, T., Ginter, H., McCarthy, G., Nobre, A.C., Puce, A., Luby, M., and Spencer, D.D. (1994). Face recognition in human extrastriate cortex. Journal of neurophysiology 71: 821-825.
Allison, T., Lieberman, D., and McCarthy, G. (1996). Here's not looking at you kid: An electrophysiological study of a region of human extrastriate cortex sensitive to head and eye aversion. 1996 Neuroscience meeting abstract 22: 400.
Allison, T., Puce, A., McCarthy G. (2000). Social perception from visual cues: role of the STS region. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4: 267-278.
Altmann, S. A. (1962). Social behavior of anthropoid primates: Analysis of recent concepts. In Roots of behavior, ed. E. L. Bliss, pp. 277-285. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers.
Amsterdam, B. (1972). Mirror image reactions before age two. Developmental Psychobiology 5: 297-305. [2]
Andelman, S. J. (1985). Ecology and reproductive strategies of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington.
Anderson, J. R. (1984). Monkeys with mirrors: some questions for primate psychology. International Journal of Primatology 5: 81-98. [2]
Anderson, J. R. (1994). The monkey in the mirror: The strange conspecific. In Self-awareness in animals and humans: Developmental perspectives, ed. R. W. Mitchell, S.T. Parker, and M.L. Boccia, pp. 315-329. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Anderson, J. R. (1996). Chimpanzees and capuchin monkeys: comparative cognition. In Reaching into thought. The minds of the great apes, ed. A. Russon, K. Bard, and S. Parker, pp. 23-56. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Anderson, J. R., and Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1999). Self-recognition in non-human primates: past and future challenges. In Animal models of human emotion and cognition, ed. M. Haug and R. E. Whalen, pp. 175-194. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Anderson, J. R., and Marchal, P. (1994). Capuchin monkeys and confrontations with mirrors. In Current Primatology: Social Development, Learning and Behaviour, ed. J.-J. Roeder and B. Thierry and J. R. Anderson and N. Herrenschmidt, pp. 371-380. Strasbourg: University Louis Pasteur.
Anderson, J. R., and Roeder, J.-J. (1989). Responses of capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) to different conditions of mirro stimulation. Primates 30: 581-587.
Anderson, J. and Mitchell, R.W. (1998). Macaques but not lemurs co-orient visually with humans. Folia Primatologica 70: 17-22.
Anderson, J., and Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1997). Self-recognition in Saguinus? A critical essay. Animal Behaviour 54: 1563-1567.
Anderson, J.R., and Mitchell, R.W. (1999). Macaques but not lemurs co-orient visually with humans. Folia primatology 70: 17-22. [2]
Andersson, M., and Krebs, J. (1978). On the evolution of hoarding behaviour. Animal Behaviour 26: 707-711.
Antinucci, F. (1989). Cognitive structure and development in nonhuman primates. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Argyle, M. and Cook, M. (1976). Gaze and mutual gaze. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Arita, T. and Taylor, C. (1996). A simple model for the evolution of communication. In Evolutionary Programming: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference of Evolutionary Programming, ed. L. Fogel, P. Angeline, and T. Bäck, pp. 405-410. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Armstrong, E. (1983). Metabolism and relative brain size. Science 220: 1302-1304.
Arnold, S. J., and Bennett, A. F. (1984). Behavioral variation in natural populations. III. Antipredator displays in the garter snake Thamnophis radix. Animal Behaviour 32: 108-1118.
Asendorpf, J. B., Warkentin, V., and Baudonnière, P. M. (1996). Self-awareness and other-awareness II: Mirror self-recognition, Social contingency awareness, and synchronic imitation. Developmental Psychology 32: 313-321.
Asendorpf, J. B., and Baudonnière, P. M. (1993). Self-awareness and other-awareness: Mirror self-recognition and synchronic imitation among unfamiliar peers. Developmental Psychology 29: 88-95. [2]
Ashby, F.G., Alfonso-Reese, L. A., Turken, U., and Waldron, E. M. (1998). A neuropsychological theory of multiple systems in category learning. Psychological Review 105: 442-481.
Astley, S. L. and Wasserman, E. A, (1992). Categorical discrimination and generalization in pigeons: All negative stimuli are not created equal. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 18: 193-207.
Atkinson, R. C., and Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In The psychology of learning and motivation, Vol. 2, ed. K. W. Spence and J. T. Spence, pp. 89-95. New York: Academic Press.
Au, W. W. L. (1993). The sonar of dolphins. New York: Springer Verlag. [2]
Au, W. W. L., Moore, P. W. B. and Pawloski, D. (1986). Echolocating transmitting beam of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 80: 688-691.
Aurlei, F. and de Waal, F. B. M. (2000). Natural conflict resolution. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Axelrod, R. (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books. [2]
Axelrod, R., and W. D. Hamilton (1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science 211: 1390-1396.
Bacchman, C. and Kummer, H. (1980). Male assessment of female choice in hamadryas baboons. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 6: 315-321.
Bailey, M. B. (1986). Every animal is the smartest: Intelligence and ecological niche. In Animal intelligence: Insights into the animal mind, ed. R. J. Hoage and L. Goldman, pp. 105-114. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Press.
Baillargeon, R. (1987a). Object permanence in 3.5 to 4.5 month old infants. Developmental Psychology 23: 655-664.
Baillargeon, R. (1987b). Young infants reasoning about the physical and spatial properties of a hidden object. Cognitive Development 2: 179-220.
Balda, R. P. (1980). Recovery of cached seeds by a captive Nucifraga caryocatactes. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 52: 331-346.
Balda, R. P. (1987). Avian impacts on pinyon-juniper woodlands. In Proceedings of the Pinyon-Juniper Conference, ed. R. L. Everett, pp. 525-533. Reno (NV): USDA Forest Service General Technical Report, INT-215.
Balda, R. P. and Kamil, A. C. (1989). A comparative study of cache recovery by three corvid species. Animal Behaviour 38: 486-495. [2]
Balda, R. P. and Kamil, A. C. (1992). Long-term spatial memory in Clark's nutcracker, Nucifraga columbiana. Animal Behaviour 44: 761-769.
Balda, R. P. and Turek, R. J. (1984). The cache-recovery system as an example of memory capabilities in Clark's nutcracker. In Animal Cognition, ed. H. L. Roitblat, T. G. Bever and H. S. Terrace, pp. 513-532. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Balda, R. P., Kamil, A. C. and Bednekoff, P. A. (1996). Predicting cognitive capacity from natural history. In Current Ornithology, Vol. 13, ed. V. Nolan and E. D. Ketterson, pp. 333-66. New York: Plenum Press.
Balda, R. P., Pepperberg, I. M., and Kamil, A. C. (Eds.). (1998). Animal Cognition in Nature. San Diego: Academic Press.
Balda, R., I. Pepperberg, and A. Kamil (eds.) (1998). Animal Cognition in Nature. Academic Press, San Diego.
Barkow, J., Cosmides, L., and Tooby, J. (1992). The adapted mind: evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
Barnard, C., and T. Burk (1979). Dominance hierarchies and the evolution of individual recognition. Journal of Theoretical Biology 81: 65-73.
Barnes, W. and McDunnough, J. (1918). Illustrations of the North American Species of the Genus Catocala. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 3, Part 1. New York.
Baron-Cohen, S. (1992). How monkeys do things with "words". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15: 148-149.
Baron-Cohen, S. (1994). How to build a baby that can read minds: cognitive mechanisms in mindreading. Current Psychology of Cognition 13: 513-552.
Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. [2]
Baron-Cohen, S. (2000). The cognitive neuroscience of autism: Evolutionary approaches. In The New Cognitive Neurosciences (2nd ed.), ed. M. Gazzaniga, pp. 1249-1257. Cambridge, MA: MIT press.
Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H.A., Wheelwright, S., Bullmore, E.T., Brammer, M.J., Simmons, A., Williams, S.C.R. (1999). Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: an fMRI study. European Journal of Neuroscience 11: 1891-1898.
Baron-Cohen, S., Tager-Flusberg, H., and Cohen, D.J., eds. (1993). Understanding other minds: Perspectives from autism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Barrett, M. W., and L. L. W. Miller. (1984). Movements, habitat use, and predation on pronghorn fawns in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 48: 542-550.
Bartels, A., Zeki, S. (2000). The neural basis of romantic love. NeuroReport11: 3829-3834.
Barth, F.G. (1982). Spiders and vibratory signals: sensory reception and behavioral significance. In Spider Communication: Mechanisms and Ecological Significance, ed. P.N. Witt and J.S. Rovner, pp. 67-122. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Barton, R. A., and Dunbar, R.I.M. (1997). Evolution of the social brain. In Machiavellian intelligence II: evaluations and extensions. ed. Whiten A., Byrne R.W., pp. 240-263. Cambridge: University Press, Cambridge.
Barton, R. A., and Harvey, P. H. (2000). Mosaic evolution of brain structure in mammals. Nature 405: 1055-1058.
Barton, R., and Dunbar, R. I. M. (1997). Evolution of the social brain. In Machiavellian intelligence II: Extensions and evaluations, ed. A. Whiten and R. W. Byrne, pp. 240-263. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [2]
Bastian, J. (1967). The transmission of arbitrary environmental information between bottlenose dolphins. In Animal sonar systems: Biology and bionics, ed. R.-G. Busnel, pp. 807-873. Jouy-en Josas, France: Laboratoire de Physiologie Acoustique.
Bates, H.W. (1862). Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley (Lepidoptera: Heliconidae). Transactions of the Linnean Society, London 23: 495-566.
Bateson, G. (1955). A theory of play and fantasy. Psychiatric Research Reports A 2: 39-51.
Bauer, G. and Johnson, C. M. (1994). Trained motor imitation by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Perceptual and Motor Skills 79: 1307-1315.
Beach, F. (1965). The snark was a boojum. In Readings in animal behavior, ed. T. E. McGill, pp. 3-14. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Beck, B. B. (1980). Animal Tool Behavior: The Use and Manufacture of Tools by Animals. NY: Garland. [2]
Beck, B. B. (1982). Chimpocentrism: Bias in cognitive ethology. Journal of Human Evolution 11: 3-17.
Beer, C. (1997). Expressions of mind in animal behavior. In Anthropomorphism, anecdotes, and animals, ed R. W. Mitchell, N. S. Thompson, and H. L. Miles, pp. 198-209. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Beer, C. G. (1992). Conceptual issues in cognitive ethology. In Advances in the Study of Behavior, vol. 21, ed. P. J. B. Slater, J. S. Rosenblatt, C. Beer, and M. Milinski, pp. 69-110. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Beer, R. D. (1990). Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior: An Experiment in Computational Neuroethology. New York: Academic Press.
Bekoff, M. (1972). The development of social interaction, play, and metacommunication in mammals: An ethological perspective. Quarterly Review of Biology 47: 412-434.
Bekoff, M. (1976). The social deprivation paradigm: who's being deprived of what? Developmental Psychobiology 9: 499-500.
Bekoff, M. (1977a). Social communication in canids: Evidence for the evolution of a stereotyped mammalian display. Science 197: pp. 1097-1099.
Bekoff, M. (1977b). Mammalian dispersal and the ontogeny of individual behavioral phenotypes. American Naturalist 111: 715-732.
Bekoff, M. (1995). Play signals as punctuation: The structure of social play in canids. Behaviour 132: 419-429. [3]
Bekoff, M. (1998). Deep ethology, animal rights, and the great ape/animal project: resisting speciesism and expanding the community of equals. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 10: 269-296.
Bekoff, M. (ed.) (1998). Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.
Bekoff, M. (2000). Animal emotions: exploring passionate natures. Bioscience 50: 861-870.
Bekoff, M. (ed.) (2000). The Smile of a Dolphin: Remarkable Accounts of Animal Emotions. New York: Discovery Books.[2]
Bekoff, M. (2001). Social play behavior: Cooperation, fairness, trust, and the evolution of morality. Journal of Consciousness Studies 8: 81-90. [2]
Bekoff, M. and Allen, C. (1997). Cognitive ethology: Slayers, skeptics, and proponents. In Anthropomorphism, anecdotes, and animals, ed. R. W. Mitchell, pp. 313-334. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Bekoff, M. and Allen, C. (1998). Intentional communication and social play: How and why animals negotiate and agree to play. In Animal Play: Evolutionary, Comparative, and Ecological Perspectives, ed. M. Bekoff and J.A. Byers, pp. 97-114. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bekoff, M. and Byers, J. A. (eds.) (1998). Animal Play: Evolutionary, Comparative, and Ecological Approaches. New York: Cambridge University Press. [2]
Bekoff, M.( 2002). Minding animals: Science, nature, spirituality, and heart. New York, Oxford University Press.
Bekoff, M., and Byers, J. A. (1981). A critical reanalysis of the ontogeny of mammalian social and locomotor play: An ethological hornet's nest. In Behavioral Development: The Bielefeld Interdisciplinary Project, ed. by K. Immelmann, G. W. Barlow, L. Petrinovich, and M. Main, pp 296-337. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Belew, R. K. and Mitchell, M. (eds.) (1996). Adaptive Individuals in Evolving Populations: Models and Algorithms. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley. [2]
Bellwood, J. (1988). Foraging behavior, prey selection, and echolocation in phyllostomine bats (phyllostomidae) In Animal sonar: Processes and performance, ed. P. E. Nachtigall and P. W. B. Moore, pp. 601-605. New York: Plenum.
Bennett, A. T. D. (1996). Do animals have cognitive maps? The Journal of Experimental Biology 199: 219-224.
Bentin, S., Allison, T., Puce, A., Perez, E., and McCarthy, G. (1996). Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans. Journal of cognitive neuroscience 8: 551-565.
Berg, van den C.L., Pijlman, F.T.A., Koning, H.A.M., Diergaarde, L., Van Ree, J.M., and Spruijt, B.M. (1999). Isolation changes the incentive value of sucrose and social behaviour in adult and juvenile rats. Behavioural Brain Research 106: 133-142.
Bernstein, I.S. (1969). Introductory techniques in the formation of pigtail monkey troops. Folia Primatologica 10: 1-19.
Bernstein, I.S., Gordon, T.P., Rose, R.M. (1974). Factors influencing the expression of aggression during introductions to rhesus monkey groups. In Primate Aggression, Territoriality and Xenophobiaed. R.L. Holloway, 211-238. New York: Academic Press.
Berridge, K. C. (1996). Food Reward -- Brain substrates of wanting and liking. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 20: 1-25. [2]
Berridge, K.C. (2000). Measuring hedonic impact in animals and infants: microstructure of affective taste reactivity patterns. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 24: 173-198.
Berridge, K.C.and Robinson, T.E. (1998). What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience? Brain Research Reviews 28: 309-369.
Bertenthal, B. I., and Fischer, K. W. (1978). Development of self-recognition in the infant. Developmental Psychology 14: 44-50.
Bhatt, R. S., Wasserman, E. A., Reynolds, W. F., Jr., and Knauss, K. S. (1988). Conceptual behavior in pigeons: Categorization of both familiar and novel examples from four classes of natural and artificial stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 14: 219-234.
Biardi, J., Coss, R. G., and Smith, D. G. (2000). California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) blood sera inhibits crotalid venom proteolytic activity. Toxicon 38: 713-721.
Biben, M. (1998). Squirrel monkey playfighting: making the case for a cognitive training function for play. In Animal play. Evolutionary, comparative, and ecological perspectives, ed. M. Bekoff and J. A. Byers, pp. 161-182. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. [2]
Biegler, R. (2000). Possible uses of path integration in animal navigation. Animal Learning and Behavior 28: 257-277.
Birch, C. and Cobb, Jr., J. B. (1981). The Liberation of Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Biringer, F. and Anderson., J.R. (1993). Self-recognition in Alzheimer's disease: Use of mirror and video techniques and enrichment. In Recent Advances in Aging Science (Vol. 1), ed. I. A. G. E. Beregi, and K. Rajczi, pp. 697-705. Bologna: Monduzzi Editore.
Biro, D. and Matsuzawa, T. (1999). Numerical ordering in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): Planning, executing, and monitoring. Journal of Comparative Psychology 113: 178-185.
Bitterman, M. (1996). Comparative analysis of learning in honeybees. Animal Learning & Behavior 24: 123-141.
Bitterman, M.E. (1965). Phyletic differences in learning. American Psychologist 20: 396-410.
Blackburn, S. (1994). The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Blanchard, D. C. and Blanchard, R. J. (1990). The colony model of aggression and defense. In Contemporary issues in comparative psychology, ed. D. A. Dewsbury, pp. 410-430. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Blanchard, R. J. and Blanchard, D. C. (1994). Environmental targets and modeling of animal aggression. In Ethology and psychopharmacology, ed. S. J. Cooper and C. A. Hendrie, pp. 133-157. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Blanchard, R. J., Blanchard, D. C., Takahashi, T. and Kelly, M. J. (1977). Attack and defense behaviour in the albino rat. Animal Behaviour 25: 6222-634.
Blanchard, R. J., O'Connell, V. and Blanchard, D. C. (1979). Attack and defense behaviors in the albino mouse. Aggressive Behavior 5: 341-352.
Blest, A.D., O'Carroll, D.C. and Carter, M. (1990). Comparative ultrastructure of Layer I receptor mosaics in principal eyes of jumping spiders: the evolution of regular arrays of light guides. Cell and Tissue Research 262: 445-60.
Bloom, P. (1996). Intention, history, and artifact concepts. Cognition 60: 1-29.
Blough, D, and Blough, P. (1977). Animal psychophysics. In Handbook of operant behavior, ed. W. K. Honig and J. E. R. Staddon, 514-539. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Blough, D. S. (1959). Delayed matching in the pigeon. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 2: 151-160.
Blough, P.M. (1991). Selective attention and search images in pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 17: 292-298.
Blumenschine, R. J. 1987. Characteristics of an early hominid scavenging niche. Current Anthropology 28: 383-407.
Boake, C. R. B. and Poulsen, T. (1997). Correlates versus predictors of courtship success: courtship song in Drosophila silvestris and D. heteroneura. Animal Behaviour 54: 699-704.
Boakes, R. (1984). From Darwin to Behaviorism: Psychology and the Minds of Animals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bock, W. J., Balda, R. P. and Vander Wall, S. B. (1973). Morphology of the sublingual pouch and tongue musculature in Clark's nutcrackers. Auk 90: 491-519.
Bodamer, M. D. (1987). Chimpanzees signing to themselves. Unpublished master's thesis. Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA.
Bodamer, M. D., Fouts, D. H., Fouts, R. S., and Jensvold, M. L. A. (1994). Functional analysis of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) private signing. Human Evolution 9: 281-296.
Bodamer, M. D., and Gardner, R. A. (2000). How cross-fostered chimpanzees initiate conversation. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Boehm, C. (1992). Segmentary warfare and management of conflict: a comparison of East African Chimpanzees and patrilineal-patrilocal humans. In Coalitions andAlliances in Humans and other Animals, ed. A. Harcourt and F. B. M. de Waal, pp. 137-173. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Boehm, C. (1999). Hierarchy in the Forest. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Boerman, W.I., and Heinrich, B. (1999). The common raven. (The Birds of North America, series edited by A. Poole.) Washington, DC: Acad. Nat. Sciences.
Boesch, C. (1991a). Symbolic communication in wild chimpanzees. Human Evolution 6: 81-90.
Boesch, C. (1991b). Teaching among wild chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour 41: 530-532. [2]
Boesch, C. (1993). Aspects of transmission of tool use in wild chimpanzees. In Tools, language and cognition in human evolution, ed. K. R. Gibson and T. Ingold, pp. 171-183. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Boesch, C. (1994a). Cooperative hunting in wild chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour 48: 653-667.
Boesch, C. (1994b). Hunting Strategies of Gombe and Tai Chimpanzees. In Chimpanzee Cultures, ed. R. W. Wrangham, W. C. McGrew, F. B. M. deWaal, and P. G. Heltne, pp. 77-92. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Boesch, C. (1996). The emergence of cultures among wild chimpanzees. In Evolution of Social Behavior Patterns in Primates and Man, ed. W. G. Runciman, J. Maynard-Smith and R. I. M. Dunbar, pp. 251-268. New York: Oxford University Press.
Boesch, C. and Boesch, H. (1984). Mental map in wild chimpanzees: An analysis of hammer transports for nut cracking. Primates 25: 160-170.
Boesch, C. and Boesch-Acherman, H. (2000). The chimpanzees of the Tai forest. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Boesch, C., and Boesch, H. (1989). Hunting behaviour of wild chimpanzees in the Tai National Park. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78: 547-573. [2]
Boesch, C., and Boesch, H. (1990). Tool use and tool making in wild chimpanzees. Folia Primatologica 54: 86-99.
Boinksi, S, and Garber, P. (eds.) (2000). On the move: how and why animals travel in groups. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bond, A. B., Kamil, A. C., and Balda, R. P. (in prep). Social complexity predicts cognitive differences between two corvid species.
Bond, A.B. (1983). Visual search and selection of natural stimuli in the pigeon: The attention threshold hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 9: 292-306.
Bond, A.B. and Kamil, A.C. (1998). Apostatic selection by blue jays produces balanced polymorphism in virtual prey. Nature 395: 594-596.
Bond, A.B. and Kamil, A.C. (1999). Searching image in blue jays: Facilitation and interference in sequential priming. Animal Learning & Behavior 27: 461-471.
Bond, A.B. and Riley, D.A. (1991). Searching image in the pigeon: A test of three hypothetical mechanisms. Ethology 87: 203-224.
Bonda, E., Petrides, M., Ostry, D., Evans, A. (1996). Specific involvement of human parietal systems and the amygdala in the perception of biological motion. Journal of Neuroscience 16: 3737-3744.
Bonner, J.T. (1980). The Evolution of Culture in Animals. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Boring, E. G. (1953). A history of introspection. Psychological Bulletin 50: 169-189.
Bos, R. van den, Meijer, M.K. and Spruijt, B.M. (2000). Taste reactivity patterns in domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 69: 149-168.
Bos, R. van den, Meijer, M.K., Van Renselaar, J.P., Van der Harst, J.E., and Spruijt, B.M. (in prep.). Anticipatory behaviour in domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus).
Bos, van den R. (1997). Reflections on the organisation of mind, brain and behaviour, In Animal Consciousness and Animal Ethics; Perspectives from the Netherlands, ed: M. Dol, S. Kasanmoentalib, S. Lijmbach, E. Rivas and R. van den Bos, pp. 144-166. Assen: Van Gorcum, Animals in Philosophy and Science vol. 1.
Bos, van den R. (2000). General organizational principles of the brain as key to the study of animal consciousness. Psyche 6: published on-line at http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au/v6/psyche-6-05-vandenbos.html.
Bovet, D. and Vauclair, J. (1998). Functional categorization of objects and of their pictures in baboons (Papio anubis). Learning and Motivation 29: 309-322. [2]
Bovet, D., Vauclair, J., and Blaye, A. (2001). Categorization and abstraction abilities in three-year-old children and baboons, submitted.
Bovet, D., and Vauclair, J. (2000). Picture recognition in animals and in humans: A review. Behavioral Brain Research 109: 143-165.
Bovet, D., and Vauclair, J. (2001). Judgement of conceptual identity in monkeys. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, in press.
Bowers, B. B. (1992). Habituation of antipredator behaviors and responses to chemical prey in four species of garter snakes. Unpublished Ph. D., University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
Bowers, B. B., Bledsoe, A. E., and Burghardt, G. M. (1993). Responses to escalating predatory threat in garter and ribbon snakes (Thamnophis). Journal of Comparative Psychology 107: 25-33.
Boysen, S. T. and Capaldi, E. J., eds. (1993). The development of numerical competence: Animal and human models. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Boysen, S.T (1994). Individual differences in the cognitive abilities of chimpanzees. In Chimpanzee Cultures, ed. R. W. Wrangham, W. C. McGrew, F. B. M. deWaal, and P. G. Heltne, pp. 335-350. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Brain, P. F. (1981). Differentiating types of attack and defense in rodents. In Multidisciplinary approaches to aggression research, ed. P. F. Brain and D. Benton, pp. 53-77. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press.
Brakefield, P.M., Gates, J., Keyes, D., Kesbeke, F., Wijngaarden, P.J., Monteiro, A., French, V., and Carroll, S.B. (1996). Development, plasticity and evolution of butterfly eyespot patterns. Nature 384: 236-242.
Brannon, E.M., Kovary, I., Prasankumar, R., and Terrace, H.S. (in prep.). Asymmetrical extrapolation of ordinal numerical rules by rhesus macaques.
Brannon, E.M., and Terrace, H.S. (1998). Ordering of the numerosities 1-9 by monkeys. Science 282: 746-749.
Brannon, E.M., and Terrace, H.S. (1999). Letter to the editor. Science 283: 1852.
Brannon, E. M. and Terrace, H. S. (2000). Representation of the numerosities 1-9 by rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 26: 31-49.
Brannon, E.M., and Van de Walle, G. (in press). Ordinal numerical knowledge in young children. Cognitive Psychology.
Breazeal, C. and Scassellati, B. (1999), "How to build robots that make friends and influence people". In 1999 IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS99), Kyongju, Korea.
Breazeal, C. and Scassellati, B. (2001). Infant-like social interactions between a robot and a human caretaker. Adaptive Behavior.
Breazeal, C., Edsinger, A., Fitzpatrick, P., and Scassellati, B. (2000). Social constraints on animate vision. Humanoids 2000.
Breen, N. (1999). Misinterpreting the mirrored self. Paper presented at the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness, London, Ontario.
Breuggeman, J. A. (1978). The function of adult play in free-ranging Macaca mulatta. In Social play in primates, ed. E. O. Smith, pp. 169-192. New York: Academic Press.
Brickerton, D. (1998). The creation and re-creation of language. In Handbook of evolutionary psychology: ideas, issues and applications. ed C. Crawford and D. L. Krebs, pp. 613-634. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Brodbeck, D. R. (1994). Memory for spatial and local cues: A comparison of a storing and a nonstoring species. Animal Learning and Behavior 22: 119-133.
Brodbeck, D. R., and Shettleworth, S. J. (1995). Matching location and color of a compound stimulus: Comparison of a food-storing and a non-storing bird species. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 21: 64-77.
Brodie, E. D., III, and Garland, T., Jr. (1993). Quantitative genetics of snake populations. In Snakes: ecology and behavior, ed. R. A. Seigel and J. T. Collins, pp. 315-362. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Brodin, A. (1994). The disappearance of caches that have been stored by naturally foraging willow tits. Animal Behaviour 47: 730-732.
Brooks, D. and McLennan, D. (1991). Phylogeny, ecology, and behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Brooks, R. A. (1999). Cambrian Intelligence: The Early History of the New AI. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. [2]
Brooks, R. A., Breazeal, C., Marjanovic, M., Scassellati, B., and Williamson, M. W. (1999). The Cog project: Building a humanoid robot. In. Computation for metaphors, analogy and agents. Volume 1562 of Springer lecture notes in artificial intelligence, ed. C.L. Nehaniv, pp. 52-87. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Brothers, L., Ring, B., Kling, A. (1990). Response of neurons in the macaque amygdala to complex social stimuli. Behavioural Brain Research 41: 199-213.
Brower, L.P. (1969). Ecological chemistry. Scientific American 220(2): 22-29.
Brown, A. (1990). Domain-specific principles affect learning and transfer in children. Cognitive Science 14: 107-133.
Brown, J. L. (1983). Cooperation -- A Biologist's Dilemma. In Advances in the Study of Behavior, ed. J. S. Rosenblatt, pp. 1-37. New York: Academic Press.
Brown, J. L., and A. Eklund (1994). Kin recognition and the major histocompatibility complex -- an integrative review. American Naturalist 143: 435-461.
Brown, J., and P. Colgan (1986). Individual and species recognition in centrachid fishes: evidence and hypotheses. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 19: 373-379.
Brown, R. E. (1985). The rodents II: Suborder myomorpha. In Social odours in mammals, vol. 1, ed. R. E. Brown and D. W. MacDonald, pp. 345-457. Oxford (UK): Clarendon Press.
Buccino, G., Binkofski, F., Fink, G.R., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., R.J. Seitz, K. Zilles, G. Rizzolatti, and H-.J. Freund. (2001). Action observation activates premotor and parietal areas in a somatotopic manner: an fMRI study. European Journal of Neuroscience 13: 400-404.
Buckley , P.B. and Gillman, C.B. (1974). Comparisons of digit and dot patterns. Journal of Experimental Psychology 103: 1131-1136.
Bugnyar, T., and Huber, L. (1997). Push or pull: An experimental study on imitation in marmosets. Animal Behaviour 54: 817-831.
Bulger, J.B. (1993). Dominance rank and access to estrous females in male savanna baboons. Behaviour 127: 67-103.
Bullock, M., and Gelman, R. (1977). Numerical reasoning in young children: The ordering principle. Child Development 48: 427-434.
Burger, J. Gochfield, M., and Murray, B.G. (1992). Risk discrimination of eye contact and directness of approach in black iguanas (Ctenosaura similis). Journal of comparative psychology 106: 97-101.
Burghardt, G. M. (1970). Defining communication. In Communication by chemical symbols, ed. J. W. Johnston Jr., D. G. Moulton and A. Turk, pp. 5-18. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Burghardt, G. M. (1973). Instinct and innate behavior: toward an ethological psychology. In The study of behavior: learning, motivation, emotion and instinct, ed. J. A. Nevin and G. S. Reynolds, pp. 322-400. Glenview IL: Scott, Foresman.
Burghardt, G. M. (1977). Learning processes in reptiles. In The biology of Reptilia (Vol. 7, ecology and behavior), ed. C. G. D. Tinkle, pp. 555-681. New York: Academic Press.
Burghardt, G. M. (1985a). Animal awareness: current perceptions and historical perspective. American Psychologist 40: 905-919. [2]
Burghardt, G. M. (ed.) (1985b). Foundations of comparative ethology. Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York. [2]
Burghardt, G. M. (1991). Cognitive ethology and critical anthropomorphism: a snake with two heads and hognose snakes that play dead. In Cognitive ethology: the minds of other animals, ed. C. A. Ristau, pp. 53-90. San Francisco: Erlbaum. [3]
Burghardt, G. M. (1993). The comparative imperative: genetics and ontogeny of chemoreceptive prey responses in natricine snakes. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 41: 138-146.
Burghardt, G. M. (1996). Environmental enrichment or controlled deprivation? In The well-being of animals in zoo and aquarium sponsored research, ed. G. M. Burghardt and J. T. Bielitski and J. R. Boyce and D. O. Schaefer, pp. 91-101. Greenbelt, MD: Scientists Center for Animal Welfare.
Burghardt, G. M. (1997). Amending Tinbergen: a fifth aim for ethology. In Anthropomorphism, anecdotes, and animals, ed. R. W. Mitchell, N. S. Thompson, H. L. Miles, pp. 254-276. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. [2]
Burghardt, G. M. (1998). Play. In Comparative psychology: a handbook, ed. G. Greenberg and M. Haraway, Garland Press, New York, 1998, 757-767.
Burghardt, G. M. (1998). Snake stories: from the additive model to ethology's fifth aim. In Responsible conduct of research in animal behavior, ed. L. Hart, pp. 77-95. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Burghardt, G. M. and Bekoff, M. (eds.). (1978). The Development of Behavior: Comparative and Evolutionary Aspects. New York: Garland STPM Press.
Burghardt, G. M. and Gittleman, J. G. (1990) Comparative and phylogenetic analyses: New wine, old bottles. In Interpretation and explanation in the study of behavior: Vol. 2. Comparative perspectives, ed. M. Bekoff and D. Jamieson, pp. 192-225. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. [2]
Burghardt, G. M. and Greene, H. W. (1988). Predator simulation and duration of death feigning in neonate hognose snakes. Animal Behaviour 36: 1842-1844.
Burghardt, G. M., Layne, D. G., and Konigsberg, L. (2000). The genetics of dietary experience in a restricted natural population. Psychological Science 11: 69-72.
Burghardt, G. M., and Greene, H. W. (1988). Predator simulation and duration of death feigning in neonate hognose snakes. Animal Behaviour 36: 1842-1844.
Burghardt, G. M., and Krause, M. (1999). Plasticity of foraging behavior in garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) reared on different diets. Journal of Comparative Psychology 113: 277-285.
Burghardt, G. M., and Schwartz, J. M. (1999). Geographic variations on methodological themes from comparative ethology: a Natricine snake perspective. In Geographic variation in behavior: an evolutionary perspective, ed. S. A. Foster and J. A. Endler, pp. 69-94. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Burghardt, G.M. (2002). The Genesis of Play. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Burns, M., and Domjan, M. (2000). Sign tracking in domesticated quail with one trial a day: Generality across CS and US parameters. Animal Learning & Behavior 28: 109-119.
Burns, M., and Domjan, M. (2001). Topography of Spatially Directed Conditioned Responding: Effects of Context and Trial Duration. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, in press.
Busnel, R.-G. (ed.) (1967). Animal sonar systems: Biology and bionics. Jouy-en Josas, France: Laboratoire de Physiologie Acoustique.
Butterworth, G. and Jarret, N. (1991). What minds have in common is space: spatial mechanism serving joint visual attention in infancy. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 9: 55-72.
Byers, J. A. (1997). American pronghorn. Social adaptations and the ghosts of predators past. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Byers, J. A., J. D. Moodie, and N. Hall. (1994). Pronghorn females choose vigorous mates. Animal Behaviour 47: 33-43.
Byers, J. A., and K. Z. Byers. (1983). Do pronghorn mothers reveal the locations of their hidden fawns? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 13: 147-156.
Bygott, J. D. (1979). Agonistic behavior, dominance and social structure in wild chimpanzees of the Gombe National Park. In The Great Apes, ed. D. A. Hamburg and E. R. McCown, pp. 405-427. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.
Byrne R.W. and Whiten A. (Eds) (1988). Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes and Humans. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [2]
Byrne, R. W. (1993). Hierarchical levels of imitation. Commentary on M Tomasello, A C Kruger and H H Ratner "Cultural learning.". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16: 516-517.
Byrne, R. W. (1994). The evolution of intelligence. In Behaviour and Evolution, ed. P. J. B. Slater and T. R. Halliday, pp. 223-265. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Byrne, R. W. (1995). The thinking ape: Evolutionary origins of intelligence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [4]
Byrne, R. W. (1996a). Machiavellian intelligence. Evolutionary Anthropology 5: 172-180.
Byrne, R. W. (1996b). Relating brain size to intelligence in primates. In Modelling the early human mind, ed. P. A. Mellars and K. R. Gibson, pp. 49-56. Macdonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge.
Byrne, R. W. (1997). What's the use of anecdotes? Attempts to distinguish psychological mechanisms in primate tactical deception. In Anthropomorphism, anecdotes, and animals: the emperor's new clothes? ed. R. W. Mitchell, N. S. Thompson, and L. Miles, pp. 134-150. New York: SUNY Press.
Byrne, R. W. (1999a). Cognition in great ape ecology. Skill-learning ability opens up foraging opportunities. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 72: 333-350.
Byrne, R. W. (1999b). Imitation without intentionality. Using string parsing to copy the organization of behaviour. Animal Cognition 2: 63-72.
Byrne, R. W. (2000). The evolution of primate cognition. Cognitive Science 24: 543-570.
Byrne, R. W., and Byrne, J. M. E. (1991). Hand preferences in the skilled gathering tasks of mountain gorillas (Gorilla g. beringei). Cortex 27: 521-546.
Byrne, R. W., and Byrne, J. M. E. (1993). Complex leaf-gathering skills of mountain gorillas (Gorilla g. beringei): Variability and standardization. American Journal of Primatology 31: 241-261.
Byrne, R. W., Corp, N., and Byrne, J. M. E. (in press). Estimating the complexity of animal behaviour: How mountain gorillas eat thistles. Behaviour.
Byrne, R. W., and Russon, A. E. (1998). Learning by imitation: a hierarchical approach. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21: 667-721.
Byrne, R. W., and Whiten, A. (1985). Tactical deception of familiar individuals in baboons (Papio ursinus). Animal Behaviour 33: 669-673.
Byrne, R. W. and Whiten, A. (eds.) (1988). Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes and Humans. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [6]
Byrne, R.W. and Whiten, A. (1992). Cognitive evolution in primates: evidence from tactical deception. Man 27: 609-627.
Byrne, R. W. and Whiten, A. (1997). Machiavellian intelligence. In Machiavellian Intelligence II: extensions and evaluations, ed. A. Whiten, and R. W. Byrne, pp. 1-23. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.
Cabanac, M., (1971). Physiological role of pleasure. Science 173: 1103-1107.
Cabanac, M., (1992). Pleasure: the common currency. Journal of Theoretical Biology 155: 173-200.
Caine, N. G., Addington, R. L. and Windfelder, T. L. (1995). Factors affecting the rates of food calls given by red-bellied tamarins. Animal Behaviour 50: 53-60.
Caine, N.G. and Marra, S.L. (1988). Vigilance and social organization in two species of primates. Animal Behaviour 36: 897-904.
Caldwell, C., Whiten, A., and Morris, K. (1999). Observational learning in the marmoset monkey, Callithrix jacchus. Proceedings of the AISB Convention, Symposium on Imitation in Animals and Artifacts, Edinburgh: 27-31.
Caldwell, R.L. (1986). The deceptive use of reputation by stomatopods. In Deception: Perspectives on Human and Nonhuman Deceit, ed. R.W. Mitchell and N.S. Thompson, pp. 129-150 Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Calhoun, J. B. (1963). The ecology and sociology of the Norway rat. Wahington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service.
Calhoun, S. and Thompson., R. L. (1988). Long-term retention of self-recognition by chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology 15: 361-365.
Call, J. and Tomasello, M. (1994). Production and comprehension of referential pointing by orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Journal of Comparative Psychology 108: 307-317.
Call, J., Agnetta, B., and Tomasello, M. (2000). Social cues that chimpanzees do and do not use to find hidden objects. Animal Cognition 3: 23-34.
Call, J., Hare, B., and Tomasello, M. (1998). Chimpanzee gaze following in an object-choice task. Animal Cognition 1: 89-99.
Call, J., and Tomasello, M. (1994). The Social Learning of Tool Use by Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Human Evolution 9: 297-313.
Call, J., and Tomasello, M. (1995). Use of Social Information in the Problem Solving of Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) and Human Children (Homo sapiens). Journal of Comparative Psychology 109: 308-320.
Call, J., and Tomasello, M. (1999). A nonverbal false belief task: The performance of children and great apes. Child Development 70: 381-395.
Camhi, J. M. (1984). Neuroethology : Nerve cells and the natural behavior of animals. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates.
Capitanio, J. P., and Mason, W. A. (2000). Cognitive style: Problem solving by rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) reared with living or inanimate substitute mothers. Journal of Comparative Psychology 114: 115-125.
Caporael, L. R. and Heyes, C.M. (1997). Why anthropomorphize? Folk psychology and other stories. In Anthropomorphism, anecdotes, and animals, ed. R. W. Mitchell, N. S. Thompson, H. L. Miles, pp. 59-73. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Caramazza, A. (1998). The interpretation of semantic category-specific deficits: What do they reveal about the organization of conceptual knowledge in the brain? Neurocase 4: 265-272.
Carew, T. J. (2000). Behavioral Neurobiology: The Cellular Organization of Natural Behavior. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Carey, D.P., Perrett, D.I., Oram, M.W. Recognizing, understanding and reproducing actions. (1997). In Action and Cognition (Handbook of Neuropsychology, vol 11, sect 16), ed. M. Jeannerod and J. Grafman, pp. 111-130. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B. V.
Carey, S. (1985). Conceptual Change in Childhood. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Carey, S. (1998). Knowledge of number: it's evolution and ontology. Science 282: 641-2.
Carey, S. and Gelman, R., eds. (1991). The epigenesis of mind: Essays on biology and cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Carl, G. R., and C. T. Robbins. (1988). The energetic cost of predator avoidance in neonatal ungulates: hiding versus following. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66: 239-46.
Caro, T. M. and Hauser, M. D. (1992). Is there teaching in nonhuman animals? Quarterly Review of Biology 67: 151-174.
Carpenter, M., Tomasello, M. and Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S. (1995). Joint attention and imitative learning in children, chimpanzees, and enculturated chimpanzees. Social Development 4: 217-237.
Carruthers, P. and Smith., P.K. (1996). Theories of Theories of Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Carter, D. E., and Werner, J. T. (1978). Complex learning and information processing in pigeons: A critical analysis. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 29: 565-601. [2]
Cartwright, B. A., and Collett, T. S. (1987). Landmark maps for honeybees. Biological Cybernetics 57: 85-93.
Castles, D. L., Whiten, A., and Aureli, F. (1999). Social anxiety, relationships and self-directed behaviour among wild female olive baboons. Animal Behaviour 58: 1207-1215.
Castles, D.L. and Whiten, A. (1998). Post-conflict behaviour of wild olive baboons. I. Reconciliation, redirection and consolation. Ethology 104: 126-147.
Chalmeau, R. (1994). Do chimpanzees cooperate in a learning task? Primates 35: 385-392.
Chalmeau, R., Visalberghi, E., and Gallo, A. (1997). Capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella, fail to understand a cooperative task. Animal Behaviour 54: 1215-1225.
Chapais, B. (1992). The role of alliances in the social inheritance of rank among female primates. In Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals, ed. A. H. Harcourt and F. B. M. de Waal, pp. 29-60. Oxford: Oxford Science.
Chapman C.A., and Weary D.M. (1990). Variability in spider monkey's vocalizations may provide basis for individual recognition. American Journal of Primatology 22: 279-284.
Chase, S., and Heinemann, E. G. (in press). Exemplar memory and discrimination. In Avian Visual Cognition, ed. Cook, R. G., [On-line]. Available: www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/avc/chase/.
Cheney, D. L. and Seyfarth, R. M. (1980). Vocal recognition in free-ranging vervet monkeys. Animal Behaviour 28: 362-367. [3]
Cheney, D. L. and Seyfarth, R. M. (1983). Non-random dispersal in free-ranging vervet monkeys: social and genetic consequences. American Naturalist 122: 392-412.
Cheney, D. L. and Seyfarth, R. M. (1985). Vervet monkey alarm calls: manipulation through shared information? Behaviour 94: 739-751.
Cheney, D.L. and Seyfarth, R.M. (1986). The recognition of social alliances among vervet monkeys. Animal Behaviour 34: 1722-1731.
Cheney, D. L. and Seyfarth, R. M. (1988). Assessment of meaning and the detection of unreliable signals by vervet monkeys. Animal Behaviour 36: 477-486. [2]
Cheney, D. L. and Seyfarth, R. M. (1989). Redirected aggression and reconciliation among vervet monkeys, Cercopithecus aethiops. Behaviour 110: 258-275.
Cheney, D. L., and Seyfarth, R. M. (1990). How monkeys see the world: Inside the mind of another species. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [10]
Cheney, D. L. and Seyfarth, R. M. (1990). Attending to behaviour versus attending to knowledge: examining monkey's attribution of mental states. Animal Behaviour 40: 742-753.
Cheney, D.L. and Seyfarth, R.M. (1982). Recognition of individuals within and between groups of free-ranging vervet monkeys. American Zoologist 22: 519-529.
Cheney, D.L. and Seyfarth, R.M. (1996). Function and intention in the calls of non-human primates. In Evolution of Social Behaviour Patterns in Primates and Man, ed. W.G. Runciman, J. Maynard Smith and R.I.M. Dunbar, pp. 59-76. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cheney, D.L. and Seyfarth, R.M. (1998). Why animals don't have language. In The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, ed. G.B. Pearson, pp. 175-209. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
Cheney, D.L. and Seyfarth, R.M. (1999). Recognition of other individuals' social relationships by female baboons. Animal Behaviour 58: 67-75.
Cheney, D.L., Seyfarth, R.M. and Silk, J.B. (1995a). The responses of female baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) to anomalous social interactions: Evidence for causal reasoning? Journal of Comparative Psychology 109: 134-141. [2]
Cheney, D.L., Seyfarth, R.M. and Silk, J.B. (1995b). The role of grunts in reconciling opponents and facilitating interactions among adult female baboons. Animal Behaviour 50: 249-257.
Cheney, D.L., Seyfarth, R.M. and Smuts, B.B. (1986). Social relationships and social cognition in nonhuman primates. Science 234: 1361-1366.
Cheng, K. (1986). A purely geometric module in the rat's spatial representation. Cognition 23: 149-178. [2]
Cheng, K. (1989). The vector sum model of pigeon landmark use. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 15: 366-375.
Cheng, K. and Gallistel, C. R. (1984). Testing the geometric power of an animal's spatial representation. In Animal Cognition, ed. H. L. Roitblat, T. G. Bever, and H. S. Terrace, pp. 409-423. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1976). The ontogeny of primate intelligence and its implications for communicative potential: A preliminary report. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 280: 173-211.
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. and Poirier, F., eds. (1977). Primate biosocial development. New York: Garland.
Chomsky N. and Halle M. (1968). The sound patterns of English. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Chomsky, N. (1959). Review of B.F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior. Language 35: 26-58.
Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Churchland, Patricia (1986). Neurophilosophy. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Churchland, Paul (1981). Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes. Journal of Philosophy 78: 67-90.
Cianelli, S. N., and Fouts, R. S. (1998). Chimpanzee to chimpanzee American Sign Language communication during high arousal interactions. Human Evolution 13: 147-159.
Clark Arcadi A. (1996). Phrase structure of wild chimpanzee pant hoots: patterns of production and interpopulation variability. American Journal of Primatology 29: 159-178.
Clark, A. (1997). Being There. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Clark, D.L. and Uetz, G.W. (1993). Signal efficacy and the evolution of male dimorphism in the jumping spider, Maevia inclemens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA) 90: 1954-1957.
Clark, R. E., and Squire, L. R. (1998). Classical conditioning and brain systems: The role of awareness. Science 280: 77-81. [2]
Clarke, B.C. (1962). Balanced polymorphism and the diversity of sympatric species. InTaxonomy and Geography ed. D. Nichols, pp. 47-70. Oxford: Systematics Association.
Clarke, B.C. (1969). The evidence for apostatic selection. Heredity 24: 347-352.
Clayton, N. S. (1995a). Development of memory and the hippocampus: Comparison of food-storing and non-storing birds on a one-trial associative memory task. Journal of Neuroscience 15: 2796-2807.
Clayton, N. S. (1995b). The neuroethological development of food-storing memory: A case of use it, or lose it! Behavioral Brain Research 70: 95-102.
Clayton, N. S., and Krebs, J. R. (1994). Memory for spatial and object-specific cues in food-storing and non-storing birds. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 174: 371-379.
Cleveland J., and Snowdon C.T. (1981). The complex vocal repertoire of the adult cotton-top tamarin, Saguinus oedipus oedipus. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 58: 231-270.
Clutton-Brock, T. H., Guiness, F. E., and Albon, S. D. (1982). Red deer: Behavior and ecology of two sexes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cochin, S., Barthelemy, C., Lejeune, B., Roux, S. and Martineau, J. (1998). Perception of motion and qEEG activity in human adults. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 107: 287-295.
Cole, M. (1996). Cultural Psychology: the once and future discipline. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Collias, N. E. (1987). The vocal repertoire of the red junglefowl: A spectrographic classification and the code of communication. Condor 89: 510-524.
Collias, N. E., and Joos, M. (1953). The spectrographic analysis of sound signals of the domestic fowl. Behaviour 5: 175-188.
Coltheart, M. (1999). Modularity and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3: 115-120.
Colwill, R. M., and Rescorla, R. A. (1985). Postconditioning devaluation of a reinforcer affects instrumental responding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 11: 120-132.
Connell, J. (1989). A Colony Architecture for an Artificial Creature. Technical Report II 5 1, MIT AI Lab.
Conner, R. A., Smolker, R. A. and Richards, A. F. (1992). Dolphin alliances and coalitions. In Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals, ed. A. H. Harcourt and F. B. M. deWaal, pp. 415-443. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Connor, R. C. (1995). The benefits of mutualism: a conceptual framework. Biological Review 1-31.
Connor, R. C., Smolker, R. A., and Richards, A.F. (1992). Dolphin alliances and coalitions. In Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals, ed. A.H. Harcourt and F. B. M. de Waal, pp. 415-443. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Connor, R.C., Read, A.J., and Wrangham, R.W. (2000). Male reproductive strategies and social bonds. In Cetacean Societies: Field studies of dolphins and whales, ed. J. Mann, R.C. Connor and P.L. Tyack, pp. 247-269. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cook, R. G. (1992a). Acquisition and transfer of visual texture discriminations by pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 18: 341-353.
Cook, R. G. (1992b). Dimensional organization and texture discrimination in pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 18: 354-363.
Cook, R. G. (2000). The comparative psychology of visual cognition. Current Directions in Psychological Science 9: 83-88.
Cook, R. G., Cavoto, B. R., Katz, J. S., and Cavoto, K. K. (1997). Pigeon perception and discrimination of rapidly changing texture stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 23: 390-400.
Cook, R. G., Cavoto, K. K. and Cavoto, B. R. (1995). Same/Different texture discrimination and concept learning in pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 21: 253-260.
Cook, R. G., Katz, J. S., and Cavoto, B. R. (1997). Pigeon same-different concept learning with multiple stimulus classes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 23: 417-433.
Cook, R. G., Wright, A. A. and Kendrick, D. F. (1990). Visual categorization in pigeons. In Quantitative Analyses of Behavior: Behavioral Approaches to Pattern Recognition and Concept Formation, ed. M.L. Commons, R. Herrnstein, S. M. Kosslyn and D. B. Mumford, pp. 187-214. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cook, R.G. and Katz, J.S. (1999). Dynamic object perception in pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. 25: 194-210.
Cook, R.G. and Wixted, J. T. (1997). Same-different texture discrimination in pigeons: Testing competing models of discrimination and stimulus integration. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 23: 401-416.
Cook, R.G., Katz, J.S., and Kelly, D. M. (1999). Pictorial same-different concept learning and discrimination in pigeons. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive 18: 805-844.
Cook, R.G., Shaw, R., Blaidell, A. P. (in press). Dynamic object perception by pigeons: Discrimination of action in video presentations. Animal Cognition.
Cools, A.R. (1985). Brain and behavior: hierarchy of feedback systems and control of its input. In Perspectives in Ethology, Vol. 6, ed. P. Bateson and P. Klopfer, pp. 109-168. New York: Plenum Press.
Cooper, J.J., and Mason, G.J. (2000). Increasing costs of access to resources cause re-scheduling of behaviour in American mink (Mustela vison): implications for the assessment of behavioural priorities. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 66: 135-151.
Cooper, J.M. (1984). Apostatic selection on prey that match the background. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 23: 221-228.
Cooper, J.M. and Allen, J.A. (1994). Selection by wild birds on artificial dimorphic prey on varied backgrounds. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 51: 433-446.
Cordain, L., J.B. Miller, S.B. Eaton, N. Mann, S.H.A. Holt and J.D. Speth (2000). Plant to animal subsistence rations and macronutrient energy estimations in world wide hunter-gatherer diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71: 682-92.
Cords, M. (1997). Friendships, alliances, reciprocity and repair. In Machiavellian Intelligence II: Extensions and Evaluations, ed. A. Whiten and R. W. Byrne, pp. 24-49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cosmides, L. and Tooby, J. (1994). Origins of domain specificity: The evolution of functional organization. In Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity in Cognition and Culture, ed. L.A. Hirschfeld and S.A. Gelman, pp. 85-116. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [2]
Cosmides, L., and Tooby, J. (1987). From evolution to behavior: Evolutionary psychology as the missing link. In The Latest on the Best, ed. J. Dupré, pp. 279-306. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Coss, R. G. (1991). Context and animal behavior: III. The relationship between early development and evolutionary persistence of ground squirrel antisnake behavior. Ecological Psychology 3: 277-315.
Coss, R. G. (1999). Effects of relaxed natural selection on the evolution of behavior. In Geographic variation in behavior: Perspectives on evolutionary mechanisms, ed. S. A. Foster and J. A. Endler, pp. 180-208. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Coss, R. G., Guse, K. L., Poran, N. S., and Smith, D. G. (1993). Development of antisnake defenses in California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi): II. Microevolutionary effects of relaxed selection from rattlesnakes. Behaviour 124: 137-164.
Coss, R. G., and Owings, D. H. (1978). Snake-directed behavior by snake naive and experienced California ground squirrels in a simulated burrow. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 48: 421-435.
Coss, R. G., and Owings, D. H. (1985). Restraints on ground squirrel antipredator behavior: Adjustments over multiple time scales. In Issues in the ecological study of learning, ed. T. D. Johnston and A. T. Pietrewicz, pp. 167-200. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Coussi-Korbel, S. (1994). Learning to outwit a competitor in mangabeys. Journal of Comparative Psychology 108: 164-171.
Craig, W. (1918). Appetites and aversions as constituents of instincts. Biological Bulletin of the Marine Biological Laboratory 34: 91-107. [4]
Cramer, A. E. and Gallistel, C. R. (1997). Vervet monkeys as travelling salesmen. Nature 387: 464.
Crane, E. (1983). The Archaeology of Beekeeping. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Crawford, L. L., and Domjan, M. (1993). Sexual approach conditioning: Omission contingency tests. Animal Learning and Behavior 21: 42-50.
Crawford, L. L., and Domjan, M. (1995). Second-order sexual conditioning in male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). Animal Learning & Behavior 23: 327-334.
Crawford, L. L., and Domjan, M. (1996). Conditioned inhibition of social approach in male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) using visual exposure to a female. Behavioural Processes 36: 163-169.
Crist, E. (2000). Images of Animals: Anthropomorphism and Animal Mind. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. [2]
Crown, E. D., Joynes, R. L., and Grau, J. W. (submitted). Instrumental learning within the spinal cord: V. Induction and retention of the learning deficit observed after noncontingent shock.
Crown, E. D., and Grau, J. W. (submitted). Preserving and restoring behavioral potential within the spinal cord using an instrumental training paradigm.
Crozier, R. H., and P. Pamilo (1996). Evolution of Social Insect colonies: Sex Allocation and Kin Selection. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
Cusato, B. M., and Domjan, M. (1998). Special efficacy of sexual conditioned stimuli that include species typical cues: Tests with a conditioned stimuli preexposure design. Learning and Motivation 29: 152-167.
Custance, D. M., Whiten, A., and Bard, K. A. (1995). Can young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) imitate arbitrary actions? Hayes and Hayes (1952) revisited. Behaviour 132: 837-859.
Custance, D.M., Whiten, A. and Fredman, T. (1999). Social learning of `artifical fruit' processing in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Journal of Comparative Psychology 113: 13-23.
Cynx J. (1990). Experimental determination of a unit of song production in zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Journal of Comparative Psychology 104: 3-10.
Cynx, J. (1995). Similarities in absolute and relative pitch perception in songbirds (starling and zebra finch) and a nonsongbird (pigeon). Journal of Comparative Psychology 109: 261-267.
Dépy, D., Fagot, J., and Vauclair, J. (1997). Categorisation of three-dimensional stimuli by humans and baboons: Search for prototype effects. Behavioural Processes, 39, 299-306.
Dépy, D., Fagot, J. , and Vauclair, J. (1998). Comparative assessment of distance processing and hemispheric specialization in humans (Homo sapiens) and baboons (Papio papio). Brain and Cognition 38: 165-182.
Dépy, D., Fagot, J., and Vauclair, J. (1999). Processing of above/below categorical spatial relations by baboons (Papio papio). Behavioural Processes 48: 1-9.
D'Amato, M.R., and van Sant, P. (1988). The person concept in monkeys (Cebus apella). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 14: 43-55.
Dallal, N. and Meck, W., (1990). Hierarchical structures: Chunking by food type facilitates spatial memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 16, 69-84.
Damasio, A.R. (1996). The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 351: 1413-1420.
Darwin, C. (1859). On the Origin of Species. London: J. Murray. [2]
Darwin, C. (1871). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. London: Murray. [6]
Darwin, C. (1872). The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. London: Murray. [2]
Darwin, C. (1881/1985). The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms with Observations on Their Habits. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Dasser, V. (1988). A social concept in Java monkeys. Animal Behaviour 36: 225-230. [2]
Datta, S.B. (1986). The role of alliances in the acquisition of rank. In Primate Ontogeny, Cognition and Social Behavior, ed. G. J. Else and P. C. Lee, pp. 219-225. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Davidson, D. (1986). A Nice Derangement of Epitaphs. In Truth and Interpretation: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson, ed. Ernest LePore, p. 468. New York: Basil Blackwell.
Davidson, D. (1999). The Emergence of Thought. Erkenntnis 51: 7-17.
Davidson, R.J., Irwin, W. (1999). The functional neuroanatomy of emotion and affective style. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3: 11-21.
Davis, H., and Pérusse, R. (1988). Numerical competence in animals: Definitional issues, current evidence, and a new research agenda. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11: 561-579.
Davis, H., and Perusse, R. (1988). Numerical competence: from backwater to mainstream of comparative psychology. Behavioral Brain Sciences 11: 602-615.
Davis, J. Q. (1995). The perception of distortions in the signs of American Sign Language by a group of cross-fostered chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Unpublished master's thesis, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA.
Davis, R. and Leary, R. (1968). Learning of detour problems by lemurs and seven species of monkeys. Perceptual and Motor Skills 27: 1031-1034.
Dawkins, M. S. (1995). Unraveling animal behaviour. Essex, UK: Longman.
Dawson, W. W. (1980). The cetacean eye. In Cetacean behavior: Mechanisms and functions, ed. L. M. Herman, pp. 53-100. New York: Wiley Interscience.
de Villiers, J.G., and de Villiers, P.A. (1978). Language acquisition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
de Waal, F. (1982). Chimpanzee politics. Power and sex among apes. New York: Harper and Row. [2]
de Waal, F. (1986). Deception in the natural communication of chimpanzees. In Deception. Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit, ed. R. W. Mitchell and N. S. Thompson, pp. 221-244. Albany: State University of New York Press.
de Waal, F. (1996). Good Natured. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
de Waal, F. B. M. and Johanowicz, D. L. (1993). Modification of reconciliation behavior through social experience: An experiment with two macaque species. Child Development 64: 897-908.
de Waal, F. B.M. (1989). Peacemaking Among Primates. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
de Waal, F., and van Roosmalen, A. (1979). Reconciliation and consolation among chimpanzees. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 5: 55-56.
de Waal, F.B. M. (1989). Dominance "style" and primate social organization. In Comparative socioecology. The behavioural ecology of humans and other animals, ed. V. Standen and R. Foley, pp. 243-264. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
de Waal, F.B.M. (1993). Reconciliation among primates: A review of empirical evidence and unresolved issues. In Primate Social Relationships, ed. W. A. Mason and S. P. Mendoza, pp. 111-114. New York: SUNY Press.
de Waal, F.B.M. (1996). Good Natured. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
DeGrazia, D. (1996). Taking animals seriously : mental life and moral status. New York: Cambridge University Press.
DeVoogd, T. J. (1994). The neural basis for the acquisition and production of bird song. In Causal mechanisms of behavioural development, ed. J. A. Hogan and J. J. Bolhuis, pp. 49-81. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
DeWaal, F. B. M. (1999). The pitfalls of not knowing the whole animal. Chronicle of Higher Education 26: B4-6.
Deacon, T. (1997). The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution of Language and the Brain. New York: W.W. Norton. [3]
Deaner, R. (2000). An experimental study of deception in ringtailed lemurs (abstract). American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Supplement 30: 135.
Deaner, R. (in preparation). An experimental study of deception in ringtailed lemurs. Duke University.
Decety J., and Grèzes J. (1999). Neural mechanisms subserving the perception of human actions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3: 172-178.
Decety, J., ,Grèzes J., Costes, N., Perani, D., Jeannerod, M., Procyk, E., Grassi, F. and Fazio, F. (1997). Brain activity during observation of actions. Influence of action content and subject's strategy. Brain 120: 1763-1777.
Defran, R. H. and Pryor, K. (1980). The behavior and training of dolphins in captivity. In Cetacean behavior: Mechanisms and functions, ed. L. M. Herman, pp. 319-362. New York: Wiley Interscience.
Dehaene S., Dupoux E., and Mehler J. (1990). Is numerical comparison digital: Analogical and symbolic effects in two-digit number comparison. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perceptual Performance 16: 626-641.
Dehaene, S. (1997). The Number Sense: How the mind creates mathematics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dehaene, S. (2000). Cerebral bases of number processing and calculation. In The New Cognitive Neurosciences, ed. M. Gazzaniga, pp. 987-998. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Dehaene, S., and Changeux, J. (1993). Development of elementary numerical abilities: A neuronal model. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 5: 390-407.
Delius, J. D. (1994). Comparative cognition of identity. In International perspectives on psychological science, ed. P. Bertelson, P. Eelen and G. d'Ydewalle, vol. 1, 25-40. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Dennett, D. (1983). Intentional systems in cognitive ethology, The "Panglossian" paradigm defended. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6: 343-355. [2]
Dennett, D. C. (1969). Content and Consciousness. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Dennett, D. C. (1978). Why not the whole iguana? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1: 103-104.
Dennett, D. C. (1983). Intentional systems in cognitive ethology: The "Panglossian paradigm" defended. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6: 343-390.
Dennett, D. C. (1987). The Intentional Stance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. [3]
Dennett, D.C. (1991). Consciousness Explained. Boston: Little, Brown.
Dennett, D.C. (1996). Kinds of Minds: Toward an Understanding of Consciousness. New York: Basic Books. [3]
Descartes, R. (1641/1984) Meditations on First Philosophy. In The Philosophical Writings of Descartes: Volume II, tr. J. Cottingham, R. Stoothoff, and D. Murdoch. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Descartes, R. (1970). Descartes's philosophical letters (A. Kenny, Ed. and Trans.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon. (Originally written, 1646.)
Dewsbury, D. A. (1984). Comparative Psychology in the Twentieth Century. Stroudsburg, PA: Hutchinson Ross.
di Pellegrino G., Fadiga L., Fogassi L., Gallese V., Rizzolatti G. (1992) Understanding motor events: a neurophysiological study. Experimental Brain Research 91: 176-180.
Dittman, R. W. (1992). Body positions and movement patterns in female patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Hormones and Behavior 26: 441-456.
Dittus, W.P.J. (1980). The social regulation of primate populations: A synthesis. In The Macaques: Studies in Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, ed. D.G. Lindburg, 263-286. New York: van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
Domjan, M. (1994). Formulation of a behavior system for sexual conditioning. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 1: 421-428
Domjan, M. (2000). New perspectives from a functional approach to Pavlovian conditioning. Presidential Address, Division of Behavioral Neuroscience and Comparative Psychology, American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C., August, 2000.
Domjan, M., Blesbois, E., and Williams, J. (1998). The adaptive significance of sexual conditioning: Pavlovian control of sperm release. Psychological Science 9: 411-415.
Domjan, M., Greene, P., and North, N. C. (1989). Contextual conditioning and the control of copulatory behavior by species-specific sign stimuli in male Japanese quail. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 15: 147-153.
Domjan, M., Lyons, R., North, N. C., and Bruell, J. (1986). Sexual Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in male Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Journal of Comparative Psychology 100: 413-421.
Drea, C. M., Hawk, J. E. and Glickman, S. E. (1996). Aggression decreases as play emerges in infant spotted hyaenas: preparation for joining the clan. Animal Behaviour 51: 1323-1336.
Dretske, F. (1993). The nature of thought. Philosophical Studies 70: 185-199.
Dubois, S., Roission, B., Schiltz, C., Bodart, J.M., Michel, C., Bruyer, R., Crommelinck, M. (1999). Effect of familiarity on the processing of human faces. Neuroimage 9: 278-289.
Dugatkin, L. A. (1997). Cooperation Among Animals: An Evolutionary Perspective. New York,Oxford University Press. [3]
Dugatkin, L. A., M. Mesterton-Gibbons, and A. I. Houston (1992). Beyond the Prisoner's Dilemma: towards models to discriminate among mechanisms of cooperation in nature. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7: 202-205.
Dugatkin, L. A., and A. Sih (1995). Behavioral ecology and the study of partner choice. Ethology 99: 265-277.
Dugatkin, L. A., and A. Sih (1998). Evolutionary ecology of partner choice. In Cognitive Ecology, ed. R. Dukas, pp. 379-403. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Dugatkin, L. A., and D. S. Wilson (1992). The prerequisites of strategic behavior in the bluegill sunfish. Animal Behaviour 44: 223-230.
Dugatkin, L. A., and H. K. Reeve (eds.) (1998). Game Theory and Animal Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Dugatkin, L.A. and Bekoff, M. (2001). The evolution of fairness: a game theory model. Submitted.
Dukas, R. (Ed.). (1998). Cognitive Ecology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [2]
Dukas, R., and Real, L.A. (1993). Cognition in bees: from stimulus reception to behavioral change. In Animal Cognition In Nature, ed. D.R. Papaj and A.C. Lewis, pp. 343-373. New York: Chapman and Hall.
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1988). Primate Social Systems. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1992). Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates. Journal of Human Evolution 20: 469-493.
Dunbar, R.I.M. and Bever, J. (1998). Neocortex size predicts group size in carnivores and some insectivores. Ethology 104: 695-708.
Dyer, F.C. (1991). Bees acquire route-based memories but not cognitive maps in a familiar landscape. Animal Behaviour 41: 239-246.
Dyer, F. C. (1998). Cognitive ecology of navigation. In Cognitive Ecology: The Evolutionary Ecology of Information Processing and Decision Making, ed. R. Dukas, pp. 201-260. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. [2]
Dyer, F.C., and Gould, J.L. (1981). Honey bee orientation: a backup system for cloudy days. Science 214: 1041-42.
East. M. L., Hofer, H. and Wickler, W. (1993). The erect `penis' as a flag of submission in a female-dominated society: greetings in Serengeti spotted hyenas. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 33: 355-370.
Eaton, R.C. ed. (1984). Neural Mechanisms of Startle Behavior. New York: Plenum Press.
Edwards, C. A., Jagielo, J. A., and Zentall, T. R. (1983). "Same/different" symbol use by pigeons. Animal Learning & Behavior 11: 349-355.
Edwards, C. A., and Honig, W. K. (1987). Memorization and "feature selection" in the acquisition of natural concepts in pigeons. Learning and Motivation 18: 235-260.
Ehret, G. (1992). Categorical perception of mouse-pup ultrasounds in the temporal domain. Animal Behaviour 43: 409-416.
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1975). Ethology: The Biology of Behavior (2nd edition). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Einon, D., Humphreys, A. P., Chivers, S. M., Field, S. and Naylor, V. (1981). Isolation has permanent effects upon the behavior of the rat, but not mouse, gerbil, or guinea pig. Developmental Psychobiology 14: 343-355.
Einon, D., Morgan, M. J. and Kibbler, C. C. (1978). Brief periods of socialization and later behavior in the rat. Developmental Psychobiology 11: 213-225.
Eisenberg, J. F. (1981). The Mammalian Radiations. An Analysis of Trends in Evolution, Adaptation, and Behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Elgar, M.A. (1989). Predator vigilance and group size in mammals and birds: A critical review of the empirical evidence. Biological Review 64: 13-33.
Emery, N.J. (2000). The eyes have it: The neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews 24: 581-604.
Emery, N.J., Lorincz, E.N., Perrett, D.I., Oram, M.W. and Baker, C.I. (1997). Gaze-following and joint attention in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Comparative Psychology 111: 286-293.
Emmerton, J., Lohmann, A., and Niemann, J. (1997). Pigeons' serial ordering of numerosity with visual arrays. Animal Learning & Behavior 25: 234-244.
Endler, J.A. (1984). Progressive background matching in moths, and a quantitative measure of crypsis. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 22: 187-231.
Endler, J.A. and Basolo, A.L. (1998). Sensory ecology, receiver biases and sexual selection. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13: 415-420. [2]
Engh, A.L, Siebert, E., Jensen, A.D., and Holekamp, K. E. (in preparation). Do spotted hyenas use allies strategically?
Engh, A.L., Esch, K., Smale, L., and. Holekamp, K. E. (2000). Mechanisms of maternal rank `inheritance' in the spotted hyaena, Crocuta crocuta. Animal Behaviour 60: 323-332.
Epstein, R., Lanza, R. P., and Skinner, B. F. (1981). "Self-awareness" in the pigeon. Science 212: 695-696.
Erhlich, A. (1977). Social and individual behaviors in captive greater galagos. Behaviour 63: 192-214.
Erhlich, J. F. and Musicant, A. (1975). Social and individual behaviors in captive slow lorises. Behaviour 60: 195-220.
Erickson, C. (1991). Percussive foraging in the aye-aye, Daubentonia madagascariensis. Animal Behaviour 41: 793-801.
Eshel, I., and L. L. Cavalli-Sforza (1982). Assortment of encounters and the evolution of cooperation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 79: 1331-1335.
Estes, R. D. (1974). Social organization of the African Bovidae. In The Behavior of Ungulates and Its Relation to Management. Vol. 1, ed. V. Geist and F. Walther, pp. 166-205. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN.
Estes, R. D. (1991). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Evans, C. S. (1997). Referential signals. In Perspectives in ethology, vol. 12, ed. D. H. Owings, M. D. Beecher, and N. S. Thompson, pp. 99-143.12. New York: Plenum Press. [2]
Evans, C. S., Evans, L., and Marler, P. (1993a). On the meaning of alarm calls: Functional reference in an avian vocal system. Animal Behaviour 46: 23- 38.
Evans, C. S., Macedonia, J. M., and Marler, P. (1993b). Effects of apparent size and speed on the response of chickens, Gallus gallus, to computer-generated simulations of aerial predators. Animal Behaviour 46: 1-11.
Evans, C. S., and Evans, L. (1999). Chicken food calls are functionally referential. Animal Behaviour 58: 307-319.
Evans, C. S., and Evans, L. (in review) Representational signalling in birds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Evans, C. S., and Marler, P. (1991). On the use of video images as social stimuli in birds: Audience effects on alarm calling. Animal Behaviour 41: 17-26.
Evans, C. S., and Marler, P. (1992). Female appearance as a factor in the responsiveness of male chickens during anti-predator behaviour and courtship. Animal Behaviour 43: 137-143.
Evans, C. S., and Marler, P. (1994). Food calling and audience effects in male chickens, Gallus gallus: Their relationships to food availability, courtship and social facilitation. Animal Behaviour 47: 1159-1170.
Evans, C. S., and Marler, P. (1995). Language and animal communication: Parallels and contrasts. In Comparative approaches to cognitive science, ed. H. L. Roitblat and J. Arcady-Meyer, pp. 341-382. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Evans, C.S., Evans, L., and Marler, P. (1993). On the meaning of alarm calls: Functional reference in an avian vocal system. Animal Behaviour 46: 23-38.
Ewert, J.-P. (1980). Neuroethology: An introduction to the neurophysiological fundamentals of behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Ewert, J. -P. (1987). Neuroethology of releasing mechanisms: Prey-catching in toads. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10: 337-368.
Fa, J.E. and Lindburg, D.G. (1996). Evolution and ecology of macaque societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fadiga, L. and Gallese, V. (1997). Action representation and language in the brain. Theoretical Linguistics 23: 267-280.
Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Pavesi, G. and Rizzolatti, G. (1995) Motor facilitation during action observation: a magnetic stimulation study. Journal of Neurophysiology 73: 2608-2611.
Fagen, R. (1981). Animal Play Behavior. New York: Oxford University Press. [2]
Fagen, R. (1993). Primate juveniles and primate play. In Juvenile Primates: Life History, Development, and Behavior, ed. by M. E. Pereira and L. A. Fairbanks, pp 183-196. New York: Oxford University Press.
Fagot, J., Dépy, D., Vauclair, J., and Kruschke, J. K. (1998). Associative learning in baboons and humans: Species differences in learned attention to visual features. Animal Cognition 1: 123-133.
Fanselow, M. S. (1994). Neural organization of the defensive behavior system responsible for fear. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 1: 429-438.
Felsenstein, J. (1985). Phylogenies and the comparative method. American Naturalist 125: 1-15.
Fenton, M. B. (1988) Variations in foraging strategies in five species of insectivorous bats--implications for echolocation call design. In Animal sonar: Processes and performance, ed. P. E. Nachtigall and P. W. B. Moore, pp. 607-611. New York: Plenum.
Fernald, A. (1992). Meaningful melodies in mothers' speech to infants. In Nonverbal Vocal Communication: Comparative and Developmental Approaches, ed. H. Papousek, U. Jürgens and M. Papousek, pp. 262-282. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Ferrari, P.F., Kohler, E., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V. (2000). The ability to follow eye gaze and its emergence during development in macaque monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 97: 13997-14002.
Fetterman, J. G. (1991). Discrimination of temporal same-different relations by pigeons. In Signal detection: Mechanisms, models, and applications. Quantitative analyses of behavior series, ed. M. L. Commons, J. A. Nevin, pp. 79-101. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Fiez, J. A. (1996). Cerebellar contributions to cognition. Neuron 16: 13-15.
Fischer, E. (1988). Simultaneous hermaphroditism, Tit-for Tat, and the evolutionary stability of social systems. Ethology and Sociobiology 9: 119-136.
Fischer, K. W. and Bidell, T. R. (1991). Constraining nativist inferences about cognitive capacities. In The epigenesis of mind: Essays on biology and mind, ed. S. Carey and R. Gelman, pp. 199-235. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Fisher, J. A. (1990). The myth of anthropomorphism. In Interpretation and explanation in the study of animal behavior, ed. M. Bekoff and D. Jamison, pp. 96-117. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Fitch W.T. (2000). The evolution of speech. Trends in Cognitive Science 4: 258-267.
Fitch, H. S. (1948). Ecology of the California ground squirrel on grazing lands. American Midland Naturalist 39: 513-596.
Fitch, H. S. (1949). Study of snake populations in central California. American Midland Naturalist 41: 513-579.
FitzGibbon, C. D. (1990). Anti-predator strategies of immature Thomson's gazelles: hiding and the prone response. Animal Behaviour 40: 846-55.
Fitzgerald, J. P. and Lechleitner, R. R. (1973). Observations on the biology of Gunnison's prairie dog in central Colorado. American Midland Naturalist 92: 146-163.
Flack, J.C. and de Waal, F.B.M. (2000). Any animal whatever: Darwinian building blocks of morality in monkeys and apes. Journal of Consciousness Studies 7: 1-29.
Flannelly, K. and Lore, R. (1977). Observations of the subterranean activity of domesticated and wild rats (Rattus norvegicus): A descriptive study. The Psychological Record 2: 315-329.
Fletcher, D., and C. Michener (eds.) (1987). Kin Recognition in Animals. New York: Wiley.
Fodor, J. A. (1983). The Modularity of Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Foelix, R.F. (1996) Biology of Spiders. Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press and Georg Thieme Verlag.
Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., Fadiga, L., and Rizzolatti, G. (1998). Neurons responding to the sight of goal-directed hand/arm actions in the parietal area PF (7b) of the macaque monkey. Society of Neuroscience Abstracts 24: 257.5.
Fogel, A. (1993). Developing Through Relationships: Origins of communication, self, and culture. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Fogel, D. B. (1998). Evolutionary Computation; The Fossil Record. New York, NY: IEEE Press.
Forster, D. (in prep.). From outcome to process: a systems perspective on sexual consort turnovers in baboons.
Forster, D. and Strum, S. C. (1994). Sleeping near the enemy: Patterns of sexual competition in baboons. In Current Primatology Vol. 2: Social Development, Learning and Behavior , ed. B. T. J. Roeder, J. Anderson, and N. Herrenschmidt, pp. 19-24. Strasbourg: Université Louis Pasteur.
Forster, D., Hutchins, E. and Strum, S. C. (1995). Essence and boundaries: Ontogeny of distributed social skill in baboons. Paper presented at the 25th Annual Symposium of thePiaget Society, Berkeley, CA. June.
Foster, S. A., and Endler, J. A. (Eds.). (1999). Geographic variation in behavior: an evolutionary perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fountain, S. B. and Rowan, J. D. (1995). Coding of hierarchical versus linear pattern structure in rats and humans. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 21: 187-202.
Fouts, D. H. (1994). The use of remote video recordings to study the use of American Sign Language by chimpanzees when no humans are present. In The ethological roots of culture, ed. R. A. Gardner, B. T. Gardner, B. Chiarelli, and F. X. Plooij, pp. 271-284. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
Fouts, R. (1986). Signs of Enrichment. Video Tape produced by Friends of Washoe, Central Washington University, Ellensberg, WA.
Fouts, R. (1994). Transmission of human gestural language in a chimpanzee mother-infant relationship. In The ethological roots of culture, ed. R. A. Gardner, B. T. Gardner, B. Chiarelli, and F. X. Plooij, pp. 257-270. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
Fouts, R. S., Fouts, D. H., and Van Cantfort, T. E. (1989). The infant Loulis learns signs from cross-fostered chimpanzees. In Teaching sign language to chimpanzees, ed. R. A. Gardner, B. T. Gardner, and T. Van Cantfort, pp. 280-292. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Fouts, R. S., Hirsch, A. D., and Fouts, D. H. (1982). Cultural transmission of a human language in a chimpanzee mother-infant relationship. In Psychobiological perspectives: Child nurturance. vol. 3, ed. H. E. Fitzgerald, J. A. Mullins, and P. Page, pp. 159-196. New York: Plenum Press.
Fragaszy, D. M., and Adams-Curtis, L. (1991). Generative aspects of manipulation in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Journal of Comparative Psychology 105: 387-397.
Fragaszy, D. M., and Visalberghi, E. (1996). Social learning in monkeys: primate "primacy" reconsidered. In Social learning in animals: the roots of culture, ed. C. M. Heyes and B. G. Galef, pp. 65-84. New York: Academic Press.
Fragaszy, D. and Perry, S. (eds.) (in press).The Biology of Traditions: Models and Evidence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fragaszy, D., and Visalberghi, E. (1989). Social influences on the acquisition and use of tools in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Journal of Comparative Psychology 103: 159-170.
Frijtag, J.C. von, Bos, R. van den, Spruijt, B.M. (submitted). Imipramine restores the long-term impairment of appetitive behavior in socially stressed rats.
Frijtag, J.C. von, Reijmers, L.G.J.E., Harst, J.E. van der, Leus, I.E., Bos, R. van den, and Spruijt, B.M. (2000). Defeat followed by individual housing results in long-term impaired reward- and cognition-related behaviours in rats. Behavioural Brain Research 117:137-146.
Frisch, K. von (1965). Dance Language and Orientation in Bees. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Frisch, K.v. (1967). The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Frith, C. D. and Frith, U. (1999). Interacting minds -- a biological basis. Science 286: 1692-1695.
Frith, U. and Happé, F. (1999). Theory of mind and self-consciousness: What is it like to be autistic? Mind and language 14: 1-22.
Fujita, K., Blough, D. S., and Blough, P. M. (1991). Pigeons see the Ponzo illusion. Animal Learning & Behavior 19, 283-293.
Fujita, K., Blough, D. S., and Blough, P. M. (1993). Effects of the inclination of context lines on the perception of the Ponzo illusion by pigeons. Animal Learning & Behavior 21: 29-34.
Furrow, D. (1984). Social and private speech at two years. Child Development 55: 355-362.
Fuson, K.C. (1988). Children's counting and concepts of numbers. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Fuson, K.C. (1995). Aspects and uses of counting: An AUC framework for considering research on counting to update the Gelman/Gallistel counting principles. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive 14: 724-731.
Fuzessery Z.M. and Feng A.S. (1983). Mating call selectivity in the thalamus and midbrain of the leopard frog (Rana p. pipiens): single and multiunit analyses. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 150: 333-344.
Gabrielsen, G. W. and Smith, E.N. (1985). Physiological responses associated with feigned death in the American opossum. Acta Physiologica Scandinavian 123: 393-398.
Gaillard, J.-M., M. Festa-Bianchet, and N. G. Yoccoz. (1998). Population dynamics of large herbivores: variable recruitment with constant adult survival. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13: 58-63.
Galef, B. G. (1981). The ecology of weaning: Parasitism and the achievement of independence by altricial mammals. In Parental care in mammals, ed. D. J. Gubernick and P. H. Klopfer, pp. 211-241. New York: Plenum Press.
Galef, B. G. Jr., and White, D. J. (1998). Mate-choice copying in Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica.. Animal Behaviour 55: 545-552.
Galef, B.G., Jr. (1988). Imitation in animals: History, definitions, and interpretation of data from the psychological laboratory. In Social Learning: Psychological and Biological Perspectives, ed. T. Zentall and B. Galef, pp. 3-28. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Gallese, V. (1999). From grasping to language: mirror neurons and the origin of social communication. In Towards a Science of Consciousness, ed. S. Hameroff, A. Kazniak and D. Chalmers, pp. 165-178. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Gallese, V. (2000a). The acting subject: towards the neural basis of social cognition. In Neural Correlates of Consciousness. Empirical and Conceptual Questions, ed. T. Metzinger, pp. 325-333. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Gallese, V. (2000b). The inner sense of action: agency and motor representations. Journal of Consciousness Studies 7: 23-40.
Gallese, V. (2001) From mirror neurons to empathy: the shared manifold hypothesis of intersubjectivity. Journal of Consciousness Studies (in press).
Gallese, V. and Goldman, A. (1998). Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 12: 493-501.
Gallese, V., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L. and Rizzolatti, G. (1996). Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain 119: 593-609.
Gallese, V., Fogassi, L., Fadiga, L., and Rizzolatti, G. (2001). Action representation and the inferior parietal lobule. In Attention and Performance XIX, ed. W. Prinz and B. Hommel, in press. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Gallistel, C. R. (1980). Organization of Action: A New Synthesis. Hillsdale, NJ: LEA.
Gallistel, C. R. (1990) The organization of learning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. [3]
Gallistel, C. R. (1999). The replacement of general-purpose learning models with adaptively specialized learning modules. In The Cognitive Neurosciences, ed. M. Gazziniga, pp. 1179-1191. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Gallistel, C. R. and Gelman., R. (1992). Preverbal and verbal counting and computation. Cognition 44: 43-74.
Gallistel, C. R. and R. Gelman (2000). Non-verbal numerical cognition: From reals to integers. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4: 59-65.
Gallistel, C. R., and Gibbon, J. (2000). Time, rate, and conditioning. Psychological Review 107: 289-344. [2]
Gallup, G. (1982). Self-awareness and the emergence of mind in primates. American Journal of Primatology 2: 237-248.
Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1970). Chimpanzees: Self-recognition. Science 167: 86-87. [4]
Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1979). Self-recognition in chimpanzees and man: A developmental and comparative perspective. New York: Plenum Press.
Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1982). Self-awareness and the emergence of mind in primates. American Journal of Primatology 2: 237-248. [2]
Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1987). Self-awareness. In Comparative Primate Biology, Behavior, Cognition, and Motivation (Vol. 2B), ed. J. R. E. G. Mitchell, pp. 3-16. New York: Liss.
Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1994). Self-recognition: research strategies and experimental design. In Self-awareness in animals and humans: developmental perspectives, ed. S. T. Parker and R. W. Mitchell and M. L. Boccia, pp. 35-50. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gallup, G. G., Jr., Anderson, J. R., and Platek, S. M. (in press). Self-awareness, Social Intelligence, and Schizophrenia. In The self and schizophrenia: a neuropsychological perspective, ed. A. S. David and T. Kircher, pp. xxx-xxx. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gallup, G. G., Jr., Anderson, J. R., and Shillito, D. J. (2001). The mirror test. This volume.
Gallup, G. G., Jr., McClure, M. K., Hill, S. D., and Bundy, R. A. (1971). Capacity for self-recognition in differentially reared chimpanzees. Psychological Record 21: 69-74.
Gallup, G. G., Jr., Povinelli, D. J., Suarez, S. D., Anderson, J. R., Lethmate, J., and Menzel, E.-W. J. (1995). Further reflections on self-recognition in primates. Animal Behaviour 50: 1525-1532.
Gallup, G. G., Jr., Wallnau, L. B., and Suarez, S. D. (1980). Failure to find self-recognition in mother-infant and infant-infant rhesus monkey pairs. Folia Primatologica 33: 210-219.
Gallup, G. G., Jr., and Suarez, S. D. (1986). Self-awareness and the emergence of mind in humans and other primates. In Psychological Perspectives on the Self (Vol. 3), ed. J. Suls and A. Greenwald, pp. 3-26. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Gallup, G.G., Jr. (1994). Self-recognition: Research strategies and experimental design. In Self-awareness in animals and humans: Developmental perspectives, ed. S. T. Parker, R. W. Mitchell, and M.L. Boccia, pp. 35-50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gannon, V. P. J., and Secoy, D. M. (1985). Seasonal and daily activity patterns in a Canadian population of the prairie rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis viridis. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63: 86-91.
Garcia, J. and Koelling, R. (1966). Relation of cue to consequence in avoidance learning. Psychonomic Science 4: 123-124.
Gardner, B. T., Gardner, R. A., and Nichols, S. G. (1989). The shapes and uses of signs in a cross-fostering laboratory. In Teaching sign language to chimpanzees, ed. R. A. Gardner, B. T. Gardner, and T. E. Van Cantfort, pp. 55-180. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Gardner, B. T., and Gardner, R. A. (1971). Two-way communication with an infant chimpanzee. In Behavior of nonhuman primates, vol. 4, ed. A. Schrier, and F. Stollnitz, pp. 117-184. New York: Academic Press.
Gardner, B. T., and Gardner, R. A. (1974). Comparing the early utterances of child and chimpanzee. In Minnesota symposium on child psychology, vol. 8, ed. A. Pick, pp. 3-23. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Gardner, B. T., and Gardner, R. A. (1989). Cross-fostered chimpanzees: II. Modulation of meaning. In Understanding chimpanzees, ed. P. G. Heltene, and L. A. Marquardt, pp. 234-241. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gardner, B. T., and Gardner, R. A. (1998). Development of phrases in the early utterances of children and cross-fostered chimpanzees. Human Evolution 13: 161-188.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (1983). The Mind's New Science: a history of the cognitive revolution. New York: Basic Books.
Gardner, R. A. and Gardner, B. T. (1969). Teaching sign language to a chimpanzee. Science 165: 664-672. [3]
Gardner, R. A., and Gardner, B. T. (1984). A vocabulary test for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Comparative Psychology 98: 381-404.
Gardner, R. A., and Gardner, B. T. (1989). A cross-fostering laboratory. In Teaching sign language to chimpanzees, ed. R. A. Gardner, B. T. Gardner, and T. E. Van Cantfort, pp. 1-28. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Gardner, R. A., and Gardner, B. T. (1998). The structure of learning. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum.
Gardner, R. A., Gardner, B. T. and van Cantfort, T. E., eds. (1989). Teaching sign language to chimpanzees. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. [2]
Gardner, R. A., Van Cantfort, T. E., and Gardner, B. T. (1992). Categorical replies to categorical questions by cross-fostered chimpanzees. American Journal of Psychology 105: 25-57.
Geary, D. C. (1998). Male, female: The evolution of human sex differences. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Geissmann, T. (1984). Inheritance of song parameters in the gibbon song, analysed in 2 hybrid gibbons (Hylobates pileatus x H. lar). Folia primatologica 24: 216-235.
Geist, V. (1971). Mountain sheep. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Gelman, R. (1990). First principles organize attention to and learning about relevant data: Number and the animate-inanimate distinction as examples. Cognitive Science 14: 79-106.
Gelman, R., and Gallistel, C.R. (1986). The child's understanding of number, 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Ghazanfar A.A. and Hauser M.D. (1999). The neuroethology of primate vocal communication: substrates for the evolution of speech. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3: 377-384.
Ghazanfar A.A., Flombaum J.I., Miller C.T. and Hauser M.D. (in press). The units of perception in the antiphonal calling behavior of cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus): playback experiments with long calls. Journal of Comparative Physiology A.
Ghiselin, M. (1969). The Triumph of the Darwinian Method. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gibbon, J., and Allan, L. (Eds.). (1984). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,Vol. 423. Time and time perception. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.
Gibson, J. J. (1979). An Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin. [2]
Gibson, K. (1990). New perspectives on instincts and intelligences: Brain size and the emergence of hierarchical mental constructional skills. In "Language" and intelligence in monkeys and apes: comparative developmental perspectives, ed. S.P. Parker and K.R. Gibson, pp. 97-128. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. [2]
Gibson, K. G. and Peterson, A. C., eds. (1991). Brain maturation and cognitive development. Aldine, New York.
Gibson, K. R. (1995). Hypermorphosis in hominid brain evolution. Paper presented at American Association for the Advancement of Science Baltimore, MD.
Gibson, K. R. and Ingold, T., eds. (1993). Tools, language and cognition in human evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a Different Voice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gisiner, R. (1985). Male Territoriality and Reproductive Behavior in the Steller sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Santa Cruz.
Gisiner, R.C. and Schusterman, R.J. (1992). Sequence, syntax and semantics: Responses of a language trained sea lion (Zalophus californianus) to novel sign combinations. Journal of Comparative Psychology 104: 368-372.
Giurfa, M., Eichmann, B., and Menzel, R. (1996). Symmetry perception in an insect. Nature 382: 548-461.
Giurfa, M., Zhang, S., Jenett, A., Menzel, R., and Srinivasan, M.V. (in press). A principle of sameness in an insect. Nature.
Godfrey-Smith, P. (1996). Complexity and the Function of Mind in Nature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [2]
Godfrey-Smith, P. (forthcoming). Environmental Complexity and the Evolution of Cognition. In The Evolution of Intelligence, ed. R. Sternberg and J. Kaufman. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Goldizen, A. (1987). Tamarins and marmosets: communal care of offspring. In Primate Societies, ed. B.B. Smuts, D.L. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham and T.T. Struhsaker, pp. 34-43, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Gomez, J.-C. (1991). Visual behavior as a window for reading the mind of others in primates. In Natural Theories of Mind: Evolution, Development, and Simulation of Everyday Mindreading, ed. A. Whiten, pp. 195-207. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Goodall, J. (1971). In the Shadow of Man. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Goodall, J. (1986). The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [7]
Gopnik, A., Meltzoff, A. and Kuhl, P. (1999). The scientist in the crib: What early learning tells us about the mind. New York: Harper Perennial.
Gould, J. L. Sensory bases of navigation. (1998). Current Biology 8: R731-R738.
Gould, J.L. (1986). The locale map of honey bees: do insects have cognitive maps? Science 232: 861-63.
Gould, J.L. (1987). Landmark learning in honey bees. Animal Behaviour 35: 26-34.
Gould, J.L. (1988). A mirror-image ambiguity in honey bee visual memory. Animal Behaviour 36: 487-92.
Gould, J.L. (1990). Honey bee cognition. Cognition 37: 83-103.
Gould, J.L. (1991). The ecology of honey bee learning. In The Behaviour and Physiology of Bees, ed. L.J. Goodman and R.C. Fisher, pp. 306-322. Wallingford (UK): CAB International.
Gould, J.L., and Gould, C.G. (1982). The insect mind: physics or metaphysics? In Animal Mind--Human Mind, ed. D.R. Griffin, pp. 269-98. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Gould, J.L., and Gould, C.G. (1988). The Honey Bee. New York: W.H. Freeman.
Gould, J.L., and Gould, C.G. (1994). The Animal Mind. New York: W.H. Freeman.
Gould, J.L., and Gould, C.G. (1995). The Honey Bee (rev. ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
Gould, J.L., and Marler, P. (1984). Ethology and the natural history of learning. In The Biology of Learning, ed. P. Marler and H. Terrace, pp. 47-74. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Gould, J.L., and Towne, W.T. (1987). Honey bee learning. Advances in Insect Physiology 20: 55-75.
Gould, S. J. (1977). Ontogeny and phylogeny. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gould, S., and Gould, C. (1986). Invertebrate intelligence. In Animal intelligence: insights into the animal mind, ed. R. Hoage and L. Goldman, pp. 21-36. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Gould, S.J. (1983). Worm for a century, and all seasons, in Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes, pp. 120-133. New York: Norton.
Gould, S.J. (1985). Forward to Darwin (1985).
Gould-Beierle, K. (2000). A comparison of four corvid species in a working and reference memory task using a radial maze. Journal of Comparative Psychology 114: 347-356.
Goustard, M. (1976). The vocalizations of hylobates. In Gibbon and Siamang, ed. D.M. Rumbaugh, pp. 135-166. Basel, Switzerland: S. Karger.
Gouteux, S., Thinus-Blanc, C., and Vauclair, J. (2001). Rhesus monkeys use geometric and non geometric information during a reorientation task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, in press.
Gouzoules, H. and Gouzoules, S. (1989). Design features and developmental modification of pigtail macaque, Macaca nemestrina, agonistic screams. Animal Behaviour 32: 182-193.
Gouzoules, S., Gouzoules, H. and Marler, P. (1984). Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) screams: Representational signaling in the recruitment of agonistic aid. Animal Behaviour 32: 182-193. [2]
Gouzoules, S., Gouzoules, H. and Marler, P. (1995). Representational signaling in non-human primate vocal communication. In Current Topics in Primate Vocal Communication, ed. E. Zimmerman, J. D. Newman and U. Jurgens, pp. 235-252. New York: Plenum Press.
Grafen, A. (1990). Do animals really recognize kin? Animal Behaviour 39: 42-55.
Graff, O. (1983). Darwin on Earthworms -- the Contemporary Background and What Critics Thought. In Earthworm Ecology: From Darwin to Vermiculture, ed. J.E. Satchell, pp. 5-18. London: Chapman and Hall.
Grafton, S. T., Arbib, M. A., Fadiga, L. and Rizzolatti, G. (1996). Localization of grasp representations in humans by PET: 2. Observation compared with imagination. Experimental Brain Research 112: 103-111.
Grammer, K., and Thornhill, R (1994). Human facial attractiveness and sexual selection: the role of symmetry and averageness. Journal of Comparative Psychology 108: 233-242.
Grau, J. W. (1987a). The central representation of an aversive event maintains the opioid and nonopioid forms of analgesia. Behavioral Neuroscience 101: 272-288.
Grau, J. W. (1987b). The variables which control the activation of analgesic systems: Evidence for a memory hypothesis and against the coulometric hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 13: 215-225.
Grau, J. W. (2000). Instrumental conditioning. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science, 3rd edition, W. E. Craighead and C. B. Nemeroff, pp. 767-769. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Grau, J. W. and Joynes, R. L. (2001). Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning within the spinal cord: Methodological issues. In Spinal cord plasticity: Alterations in reflex function, ed. M. M. Patterson and J. W. Grau, in press, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Grau, J. W., Barstow, D. G. and Joynes, R. L. (1998). Instrumental learning within the spinal cord: I. Behavioral properties. Behavioral Neuroscience 112: 1366-1386.
Grau, J. W., Salinas, J. A., Illich, P. A., and Meagher, M. W. (1990). Associative learning and memory for an antinociceptive response in the spinalized rat. Behavioral Neuroscience 104: 489-494.
Graziano, M.S.A., and Gross, C.G. (1995). The representation of extrapersonal space: a possible role for bimodal visual-tactile neurons. In The Cognitive Neurosciences, ed. M.S. Gazzaniga, pp. 1021-1034. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Green S. and Marler P. (1979). The analysis of animal communication. In Social behavior and communication, Handbook of behavioral neurobiology, Volume 3, ed. P. Marler and J. Vandenbergh, pp. 73-158. New York: Plenum Press.
Green, D. M. and Swets, J.A. (1966). Signal Detection and Psychophysics. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Green, S. (1975). Variation of vocal pattern with social situation in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata): A field study. In Primate Behavior, Developments in Field and Laboratory Research, vol. 2, ed. L. A. Rosenblum, pp. 1-102. New York: Academic Press.
Greenberg and M. Harraway, pp. 757-767. New York: Garland.
Greene, H. W. (1997). Snakes: the evolution of mystery in nature. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Greenfield, P. M. and Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. (1990). Grammatical combination in Pan paniscus: processes of learning and invention in the evolution and development of language. In "Language" and intelligence in monkeys and apes. Comparative developmental perspectives, ed. S. T. Parker and K. R. Gibson, pp. 540-578. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Gregory, P. T., and Nelson, K. J. (1991). Predation on fish and intersite variation in the diet of common garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis, on Vancouver Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69: 988-994.
Gregory, R. L. (2001). Perceptions of knowledge. Nature 410: 21.
Griffin, D. R. (1976). The Question of Animal Awareness: Evolutionary Continuity of Mental Experience. New York: Rockefeller University Press. [6]
Griffin, D. R.(1978). Prospects for a cognitive ethology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1: 527-538. [2]
Griffin, D. R. (1992). Animal Minds. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. [3]
Griffin, D.R. (1998). From cognition to consciousness. Animal Cognition 1: 3-16.
Griffin, D. R. (2001). Animal Minds. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Griffin, D.R. (1984). Animal Thinking. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [2]
Griffiths, S. X., and A. E. Magurran (1999). Schooling decisions in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) are based on familiarity rather than kin recognition by phenotype matching. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 45: 437-445.
Grill, H.J., and Berridge, K.C. (1985). Taste reactivity as measure of the neural control of palatability In Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology, ed. J.M. Sprague, A.N. Epstein, pp. 1-65. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Grill, H.J., and Norgren, R. (1978). The taste reactivity test. II. Mimetic gustatory responses to stimuli in chronic thalamic and chronic decerebrate rats. Brain Research 143: 281-297.
Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1962). Simba. London: Bailey Brothers and Swinfen.
Guilford, T. (1990). The evolution of aposematism. In Insect Defenses: Adaptive Mechanisms and Strategies of Prey and Predators ed. D.L. Evans and J.O. Schmidt, pp. 23-61. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Guilford, T. and Dawkins, M.S. (1991). Receiver psychology and the evolution of animal signals. Animal Behaviour 42: 1-14.
Guillaume, P. (1926/1971). Imitation in children, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Gyger, M., Karakashian, S. J., Dufty, A. M., and Marler, P. (1988). Alarm signals in birds: The role of testosterone. Hormones and Behavior 22: 305-314.
Gyger, M., Marler, P., and Pickert, R. (1987). Semantics of an avian alarm call system: The male domestic fowl, Gallus domesticus. Behaviour 102: 15-40.
Haftorn, S. (1956). Contribution to the food biology of tits especially about storing of surplus food. Part IV. A comparative analysis of Parus atricapillus L., P. cristatus L. and P. ater L. Det Kgl Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter 1956 Nr 4: 1-54.
Haldane, J. B. S. (1932). The Causes of Evolution. London: Longmans Green.
Halgren, E., Raij, T., Marinkovic, K., Jousmaeki, V., Hari, R. (2000). Cognitive response profile of the human fusiform face area as determined by MEG. Cerebral Cortex 10: 69-81.
Halit, H., de Haan, M., Johnson, M.H. (2000). Modulation of event-related potentials by prototypical and atypical faces. NeuroReport 11: 1871-1875.
Hall, G. (1996). Learning about associatively activated stimulus representations: Implications for acquired equivalence and perceptual learning. Animal Learning & Behavior 24: 233-255.
Hamilton, W. D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I and II. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7: 1-52.
Hammerschmidt, K., Ansorge, V., Fischer, J. and Todt, D. (1994). Dusk calling in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus): Demand for social shelter. American Journal of Primatology 32: 277-289.
Hammerstein, P. (1998). What is evolutionary game theory? In Game Theory and Animal Behavior, ed. L. A. Dugatkin and H. K. Reeve, pp. 3-15. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hampton, R. R., and Sherry, D. F. (1994). The effects of cache loss on choice of cache sites in black-capped chickadees. Behavioural Ecology 5: 44-50.
Hampton, R. R., and Shettleworth, S. J. (1996). Hippocampal lesions impair memory for location but not color in passerine birds. Behavioral Neuroscience 110: 831-835.
Happe, F. G., Brownell, H., Winner, E. (1999). Acquired "theory of mind" impairments following stroke. Cognition 70: 211-240.
Harcourt, A. H., and deWaal, F. B. (eds.). (1992). Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [2]
Harcourt, A., and de Waal, F. (1992). Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and other Animals. New York: Oxford University Press.
Harcourt, A.H. (1988). Alliances in contests and social intelligence. In Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes, and Humans, ed. R.W. Byrne and A. Whiten, pp. 132-152. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Harcourt, A.H. and de Waal, F. B. M. (eds.) (1992). Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hare, B. (in press). Can competitive paradigms increase the validity of experiments on primate social cognition? Animal Cognition.
Hare, B., Call, J., Agnetta, B., and Tomasello, M. (2000). Chimpanzees know what conspecifics do and do not see. Animal Behaviour 59: 771-785. [2]
Hare, B., Call, J., and Tomasello, M. (1998). Communication of food location between human and dog (Canis familiaris). Evolution of Communication 2: 137-159.
Hare, B., Call, J., and Tomasello, M. (2001). Do chimpanzees know what conspecifics know? Animal behavior 61: 139-151. [2]
Hare, B., and Tomasello, M. (1999). Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) use human and conspecific social cues to locate hidden food. Journal of Comparative Psychology 113: 173-77.
Hari, R., Forss, N., Avikainen, S., Kirveskari, S., Salenius, S. and Rizzolatti, G. (1998). Activation of human primary motor cortex during action observation: a neuromagnetic study. Proceedings National Academy of Science, USA 95: 15061-15065.
Hariri, A.R., Bookheimer, S.Y., Mazziotta, J.C. (2000). Modulating emotional responses: effects of a neocortical network on the limbic system. NeuroReport 11: 43-48.
Harland, D. P. and Jackson, R. R. (2000a). Cues by which Portia fimbriata, an araneophagic jumping spider, distinguishes jumping spider prey from other prey. Journal of Experimental Biology 203: 3485-3494.
Harland, D.P. and Jackson, R.R. (2000b). `Eight-legged cats' and how they see - a review of recent work on jumping spiders. Cimbebasia 16: 231-240.
Harland, D.P., Jackson, R.R. and Macnab, A.M. (1999). Distances at which jumping spiders distinguish between prey and conspecific rivals. Journal of Zoology, London 247: 357-364.
Harley, H.E., Roitblat, H. L., and Nachtigall, P. E. (1996). Object representation in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): Integration of visual and echoic information. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes 22: 164-174.
Harlow, H.F. (1949). The formation of learning sets. Psychological Review 56: 51-65.
Harris, L. P. (1977). Self-recognition among institutionalized profoundly retarded males: A replication. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 9: 43-44.
Hart, A.J., Whalen, P.J., Shin, L.M., McInerney, S.C., Fischer, H., Rauch, S.L. (2000). Differential response in the human amygdala to racial outgroup vs ingroup face stimuli. NeuroReport 11: 2351-2355.
Hart, D., and Fegley, S. (1994). Social imitation and the emergence of a mental model of self. In Self-awareness in animals and humans, ed. S. T. Parker, R. W. Mitchell, and H. L. Miles, pp. 149-165. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Harvey, P.H. and Krebs, J. R. (1990). Comparing brains. Science 249: 140-146.
Hasselmo, M.E., Rolls, E.T., Baylis, G.C., and Nalwa, V. (1989). Object-centered encoding by face-selective neurons in the cortex in the superior temporal sulcus of the monkey. Experimental brain research 75: 417-429.
Hauser, M. D. (1988). How infant vervet monkeys learn to recognize starling alarm calls: The role of experience. Behaviour 105: 187-201.
Hauser, M. D. (1989). Ontogenetic changes in the comprehension and production of vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) vocalizations. Journal of Comparative Psychology 103: 149-158.
Hauser, M. D. (1992). Articulatory and social factors influence the acoustic structure of rhesus monkey vocalizations: A learned mode of production? Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 91: 2175-2179.
Hauser M.D. (1996). The Evolution of Communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT press. [5]
Hauser, M. D. (1997). Artifactual kinds and functional design features: What a primate understands without language. Cognition 64: 285-308.
Hauser, M.D. (1997). Minding the behaviour of deception. In Machiavellian Intelligence II: Extensions and Evaluations, ed. A. Whiten and R.W. Byrne, pp. 112-143. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hauser, M. (1998). A nonhuman primate's expectations about object motion and destination: The importance of self-propelled movement and animacy. Developmental Science 1: 31-37.
Hauser, M. D. (1998). A non-human primate's expectations about object motion and destination: The importance of self-propelled movement and animacy. Developmental Science 1: 31-38.
Hauser, M. (2000). Why humans are the wrong species in which to study the evolution of human intelligence. Human Behavior and Evolution Meetings Amherst College.
Hauser, M. D. (2000). Wild Minds: What Animals Really Think. New York: Henry Holt Publishers.[3]
Hauser M.D. and Andersson K. (1994). Left hemisphere dominance for processing vocalizations in adult, but not infant rhesus monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91: 3946-3948.
Hauser M.D., Agnetta B. and Perez C. (1998). Orienting asymmetries in rhesus monkeys: effect of time-domain changes on acoustic perception. Animal Behaviour 56: 41-47.
Hauser, M. D. and Wrangham, R. W. (1987). Manipulation of food calls in captive chimpanzees: a preliminary report. Folia primatologica 48: 24-35.
Hauser, M. D., Kralik, J., Botto-Mahan, C., Garrett, M., and Oser, J. (1995). Self-recognition in primates: Phylogeny and the salience of species-typical traits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 92: 10811-10814.
Hauser, M. D., Kralik, J., Botto-Mahan, C., Garrett, M., and Oser, J. (1995). Self-recognition in primates: phylogeny and the salience of species-typical features. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 92: 10811-10814.
Hauser, M. D., MacNeilage, P., and Ware, M. (1996). Numerical representations in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93: 1514-1517.
Hauser, M. D., Miller, C. T., Liu, K., and Gupta, R. (in press). Cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) fail to show mirror-guided self exploration. American Journal of Primatology yy: xxx-xxx.
Hauser, M. D., Teixidor, P., Field, L. and Flaherty, R. (1993). Food-elicited calls in chimpanzees: effects of food quantity and divisibility? Animal Behaviour 45: 817-819. [2]
Hauser, M. D., and Carey, S. (1998). Building a cognitive creature from a set of primitives: Evolutionary and developmental insights. In The Evolution of Mind, ed. D. Cummins and C. Allen, pp. 51-106. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hauser, M. D., and Kralik, J. (1997). Life beyond the mirror: A reply to Anderson and Gallup. Animal Behaviour 54: 1568-1571.
Hauser, M., and Wrangham, R. (1987). Manipulation of food calls in captive chimpanzees: a preliminary report. Folia Primatologica 48: 207-210.
Hauser. M. D., Kralik, J., and Botto-Mahan, C. (1999). Problem solving and functional design features: Experiments on cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). Animal Behaviour 57: 565-582.
Hayes, C. (1951). The ape in our house. New York: Harper and Brothers.
Hayes, K. J., and Hayes, C. (1951). The intellectual development of a home-raised chimpanzee. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 95: 105-109.
Hayes, K. J., and Hayes, C. (1952). Imitation in a home raised chimpanzee. Journal of Comparative Psychology 45: 450-459.
Hayes, K. J., and Hayes, C. (1955). The cultural capacity of chimpanzee. In The non-human primates and human evolution, ed. J.A. Gavan, pp. 110-125. Detroit: Wayne University Press.
Hayes, K. J., and Nissen, C. (1971). Higher mental functions of a home-raised chimpanzee. In Behavior of nonhuman primates, vol. 4, ed. A. M. Schrier and F. Stollnitz, pp. 60-115. New York: Academic Press. [3]
Healy, S. D. (1995). Memory for objects and positions: delayed-non-matching-to-sample in storing and non-storing tits. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 48B: 179-191.
Heiligenberg, W. (1991a). Neural nets in electric fish. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Heiligenberg, W. (1991b). The jamming avoidance response of the electric fish, Eigenmannia: Computational rules and neuronal implementation. Seminars in the neurosciences 3: 3-18.
Heinrich, B. (1976). Foraging specializations of individual bumblebees. Ecological Monographs 46: 129-133.
Heinrich, B. (1979a). "Majoring" and "Minoring" by foraging bumblebees, Bombus vagans: An experimental analysis. Ecology 60: 245-255.
Heinrich, B. (1979b). Bumblebee Economics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Heinrich, B. (1988). Winter foraging at carcasses by three sympatric corvids, with emphasis on recruitment by the raven, Corvus corax. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 23: 141-156.
Heinrich, B. (1989). Ravens in Winter. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Heinrich, B. (1993). The Hot-Blooded Insects: Mechanisms and Evolution of Thermoregulation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Heinrich, B. (1996). An experimental investigation of insight in common ravens, Corvus corax. The Auk 112: 994-1003.
Heinrich, B. (1999). Mind of the Raven: Investigations and Adventures with Wolf Birds. New York: Harper Collins.
Heinrich, B. (2000). Testing insight in Ravens In The Evolution of Cognition, ed. C. Heyes and L. Huber, pp. 289-305. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Heinrich, B. and Marzluff, J.M. (1991). Do common ravens yell because they want to attract others? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 28: 13-21.
Heinrich, B. and Smolker, R. (1998). Play of common ravens (Corvus corax) . In Animal Play, ed. M. Bekoff and J. Byers, pp. 27-44. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Heinrich, B., Marzluff, J.M. and Marzluff, C.S. (1993). Ravens are attracted to the appeasement calls of discoverers when they are attacked at defended food. The Auk 110: 247-254.
Heinrich, B., Mudge, P., and Deringis, P. (1977). A laboratory analysis of flower constancy in foraging bumblebees: B. ternarius and B. terricola. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2: 247-266.
Heinrich,B., and Marzluff, J.M. (1995). How ravens share. American Scientist 83: 342-349.
Heinrich,B., and Pepper, J. (1998). Influence of competitors on caching behavior in the Common Raven, Corvus corax. Animal Behaviour 56: 1083-1090.
Hennessy, D. F., and Owings, D. H. (1988). Rattlesnakes create a context for localizing their search for potential prey. Ethology 77: 317-329.
Hepper, P. G. (1991). Kin Recognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Herman, L. M. (1980) Cognitive characteristics of dolphins. In Cetacean behavior: Mechanisms and functions, ed. L. M. Herman, pp. 363-429. New York: Wiley Interscience.
Herman, L. M. (1986). Cognition and language competencies of bottlenosed dolphins. In Dolphin cognition and behavior: A comparative approach, ed. R. J. Schusterman, J. Thomas, and F. G. Wood, pp. 221-251. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Herman, L. M. (1990). Cognitive performance of dolphins in visually guided tasks. In JSensory abilities of cetaceans: Laboratory and field evidence, ed. A. Thomas and R. A. Kastelein, pp. 455-462). New York: Plenum.
Herman, L. M. (1991). What the dolphin knows, or might know, in its natural world. In Dolphin societies: Discoveries and puzzles, ed. K. Pryor and K. S. Norris, pp. 349-364. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Herman, L. M. (in press). Vocal, social, and self-imitation by bottlenosed dolphins. In Imitation in Animals and Artifacts, ed. C. Nehaniv and K. Dautenhahn, Cambridge, MA. MIT Press.
Herman, L. M. and Arbeit, W. R. (1973). Stimulus control and auditory discrimination learning sets in the bottlenosed dolphin. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 19: 379-394.
Herman, L. M. and Forestell, P. H. (1985). Reporting presence or absence of named objects by a language-trained dolphin. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 9: 667-691.
Herman, L. M. and Gordon, J. A. (1974). Auditory delayed matching in the bottlenosed dolphin. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 21: 19-26.
Herman, L. M. and Pack, A. A. (1994). Animal intelligence: Historical perspectives and contemporary approaches. In Encyclopedia of human intelligence, ed. R. Sternberg, pp. 86-96. New York: Macmillan.
Herman, L. M. and Uyeyama, R. K. (1999). The dolphin's grammatical competency: Comments on Kako (1998). Animal Learning & Behavior 27: 18-23.
Herman, L. M., Abichandani, S. L., Elhajj, A. N., Herman, E. Y. K., Sanchez, J. L., and Pack, A. A. (1999). Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) comprehend the referential character of the human pointing gesture. Journal of Comparative Psychology 113: 1-18.
Herman, L. M., Hovancik, J. R., Gory, J. D. and Bradshaw, G. L. (1989). Generalization of visual matching by a bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): Evidence for invariance of cognitive performance with visual or auditory materials. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 15: 124-136.
Herman, L. M., Kuczaj, S. III, and Holder, M. D. (1993). Responses to anomalous gestural sequences by a language-trained dolphin: Evidence for processing of semantic relations and syntactic information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 122: 184-194.
Herman, L. M., Morrel-Samuels, P. and Pack, A. A. (1990). Bottlenosed dolphin and human recognition of veridical and degraded video displays of an artificial gestural language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 119: 215-230.
Herman, L. M., Pack A. A. and Morrel-Samuels, P. (1993). Representational and conceptual skills of dolphins. In Language and Communication: Comparative Perspectives, ed. H. R. Roitblat, L. M. Herman and P. Nachtigall, pp. 273-298. Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Herman, L. M., Pack, A. A. and Wood, A. M. (1994). Bottlenosed dolphins can generalize rules and develop abstract concepts. Marine Mammal Science 10: 70-80.
Herman, L. M., Pack, A. A., and Hoffmann-Kuhnt, M. (1998). Seeing through sound: Dolphins perceive the spatial structure of objects through echolocation. Journal of Comparative Psychology 112: 292-305. [2]
Herman, L. M., Peacock, M. F., Yunker, M. P. and Madsen, C. (1975). Bottlenosed dolphin: Double-slit pupil yields equivalent aerial and underwater diurnal acuity. Science 139: 650-652.
Herman, L. M., Richards, D. G. and Wolz, J. P. (1984). Comprehension of sentences by bottlenosed dolphins. Cognition 16: 129-219. [2]
Hermer, L. and Spelke, E. (1996). Modularity and development: The case of spatial reorientation. Cognition 61: 195-232.
Herrnstein, R.J. (1984). Objects, categories, and discriminative stimuli. In Animal Cognition, ed. H.L. Roitblat, T.G. Beaver, and H.S. Terrace, Hillside, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Herrnstein, R. J. (1990). Levels of stimulus control: A functional approach. Cognition 37: 133-166.
Herrnstein, R. J., and De Villiers, P. A. (1980). Fish as a natural category for people and pigeons. In The psychology of learning and motivation, ed. G. H. Bower, pp. 59-95. New York: Academic Press.
Herrnstein, R. J., and Loveland, D. H. (1964). Complex visual concept in the pigeon. Science 146: 549-551.
Hersek, M. J., and Owings, D. H. (1993). Tail flagging by adult California ground squirrels: a tonic signal that serves different functions for males and females. Animal Behaviour 46: 129-138.
Hersek, M. J., and Owings, D. H. (1994). Tail flagging by young California ground squirrels, Spermophilus beecheyi: age-specific participation in a tonic communicative system. Animal Behaviour 48: 803-811.
Herzog, H. A., Jr. (1990). Experiential modification of defensive behaviors in garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis. Journal of Comparative Psychology 104: 334-339.
Herzog, H. A., Jr. , and Burghardt, G. M. (1988). Development of antipredator responses in snakes. III: stability of individual and litter differences over the first year of life. Ethology 77: 250-258.
Herzog, H. A., Jr., Bowers, B. B., and Burghardt, G. M. (1989). Development of antipredator responses in snakes. IV. Interspecific and intraspecific differences in habituation of defensive behavior. Developmental Psychobiology 22: 489-508.
Herzog, H. A., Jr., and Burghardt, G. M. (1986). The development of antipredator responses in snakes: I. Defensive and open-field behaviors in newborns and adults of three species of garter snakes (Thamnophis melanogaster, T. sirtalis, T. butleri). Journal of Comparative Psychology 100: 372-379.
Herzog, H. A., Jr., Bowers, B. B., and Burghardt, G. M. (1992). Development of antipredator responses in snakes. V: species differences in ontogenetic trajectories. Developmental Psychobiology 25: 199-211. [2]
Herzog, M. and Hopf, S. (1983). Effects of species-specific vocalizations on the behaviour of surrogate-reared squirrel monkeys. Behaviour 86: 197-214.
Herzog, M. and Hopf, S. (1984). Behavioral responses to species-specific warning calls in infant squirrel monkeys reared in social isolation. American Journal of Primatology 7: 99-106.
Heyes, C. (1998). Theory of mind in nonhuman primates. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21: 101-148.
Heyes, C. M. (1993). Imitation, culture and cognition. Animal Behavior 46: 999-1010.
Heyes, C. M. (1994). Reflections on self-recognition in primates. Animal Behaviour 47: 909-919.
Heyes, C.M. (1994). Social cognition in primates. In Animal Learning and Cognition, ed. N.J. Mackintosh, pp. 281-305. New York: Academic Press.
Heyes, C., and Dickinson, A. (1990). The intentionality of animal action. Mind and Language 5: 87-104.
Hill, D.E. (1979). Orientation by jumping spiders of the genus Phiddipus (Araneae: Salticidae) during the pursuit of prey. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 5: 301-322.
Hilliard, S., Domjan, M., Nguyen, M., and Cusato, B. (1998). Dissociation of conditioned appetitive and consummatory sexual behavior: Satiation and extinction tests. Animal Learning & Behavior 26: 20-33.
Hilliard, S., Nguyen, M., and Domjan, M. (1997). One-trial appetitive conditioning in the sexual behavior system. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 4: 237-241.
Hilliard, S., and Domjan, M. (1995). Effects of sexual conditioning of devaluing the US through satiation. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 48B: 84-92.
Hinde, R. A. (1983). Primate Social Relationships: an integrated approach. Oxford: Blackwell.
Hinde, R. A. (1987). Individuals, Relationships and Culture: links between ethology and the social sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hinde, R. and Stevenson-Hinde, J., eds. (1973). Constraints on learning. New York: Academic Press.
Hinrichs, J. Yurko D.S. and Hu J.M. (1981). Two-digit number comparison: Use of place information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perceptual Performance 7: 890-901.
Hirata, S. and Matsuzawa, T. (in review). Tactics to obtain a hidden food item in chimpanzee pairs: implications for the understanding of others' knowledge.
Hirata, S., and Matsuzawa, T. (in press). Tactics to obtain a hidden food item in chimpanzee pairs (Pan troglodytes). Animal Cognition.
Hirschfeld, L. A. and Gelman, S. A. (1994). Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity in Cognition and Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hirstein, W., Ramachandran V.S., Rogers-Ramachandran, D., and Iversen, P. (1999). The salience landscape theory: Cognitive consequences of autonomic dysregulation in autism. Cognitive neuroscience society abstracts 63.
Hoage, R. J. and Goldman, L., eds. (1986). Animal intelligence: Insights into the animal mind. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Press.
Hockham, L. R. and Ritchie, M. G. (2000). Female secondary sexual characteristics : appearance may be deceptive. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15: 436-438.
Hockham, L. R. and Ritchie, M. G. (2001). Deception (mimicry): an integral component of sexual signals: Reply from Hockham and Ritchie. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16: 228.
Hodun, A., Snowdon, C. T. and Soini, P. (1981). Subspecific variation in the long calls of the tamarin, Saguinus fusicollis. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 57: 97-110.
Hofer, H. and East, M. L. (2000). Conflict management in female-dominated spotted hyenas. In Natural Conflict Resolution, ed. F. Aureli and F. B. M. de Waal, pp. 232-234. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hoffman, E.A. and Haxby, J.V. (2000). Distinct representations of eye gaze and identity in the distributed human neural system for face perception. Nature Neuroscience 3: 80-84.
Hogan, J. A., (1994). Structure and development of behavior systems. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 1: 439-450.
Holekamp, K. E. and Smale, L. (1991). Rank acquisition during mammalian social development: The "inheritance" of maternal rank. American Zoologist 31: 306-317.
Holekamp, K. E., Boydston, E. E., Szykman, M., Graham, I. Nutt, K. J. . Birch, S., Piskiel, A., and Singh, M. (1999). Vocal recognition in the spotted hyaena and its possible implications regarding the evolution of intelligence. Animal Behaviour 58: 383-395.
Holekamp, K. E., Boydston, E. E., and Smale, L. (2000). Group travel in social carnivores. In On the move: how and why animals travel in groups, ed. S. Boinksi and P. Garber, pp. 587-627. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Holekamp, K. E., Cooper, S. M., Katona, C. I., Berry, N. A., Frank, L. G., and Smale. L. (1997). Patterns of association among female spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). Journal of Mammalogy 78: 55-64.
Holland, P. C. (1990). Event representation in Pavlovian conditioning: Image and action. Cognition 37: 105-131. [2]
Holland, P. C., and Rescorla, R. A. (1975). The effect of two ways of devaluing the unconditioned stimulus after first- and second-order appetitive conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 1: 355-363.
Holland, V.C., and Delius, J.D. (1983). Rotational invariance in visual pattern recognition by pigeons and humans. Science 218: 804-806.
Hollis, K. L., Pharr, V. L., Dumas, M. J., Britton, G. B., and Field, J. (1997). Classical conditioning provides paternity advantage for territorial male blue gouramis (Trichogaster trichopterus). Journal of Comparative Psychology 111: 219-225.
Holloway, K. S. and Domjan, M. (1993). Sexual approach conditioning: Tests of unconditioned stimulus devaluation using hormone manipulations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 19: 47-55.
Holman, J. A. (2000). Fossil snakes of North America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Holmes, W., and Mateo, J. (1998). How mothers influence the development of litter-mate preferences in Belding's ground squirrels. Animal Behaviour 55: 1555-1570.
Holtzman, D. A., Harris, T. W., Aranguren, G., and Bostock, E. (1999). Spatial learning and memory of an escape task by young corn snakes, Elaphe guttata guttata. Animal Behaviour 57: 51-60.
Homann, H. (1928). Die Augen der Araneen. Zeitschrift fur Morphologische Okologie der Tiere 69: 201-272.
Honey, R. C., Horn, G., Bateson, P., and Walpole, M. (1995). Functionally distinct memories for imprinting stimuli: Behavioral and neural dissociations. Behavioral Neuroscience 109: 689-698.
Hoogland, J. L. (1996). Why do Gunnison's prairie dogs give anti-predator calls? Animal Behaviour 51: 871-880.
Horn, G. (1990). Neural bases of recognition memory investigated through an analysis of imprinting. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B. 329: 133-142.
Horrocks, J., and Hunte, W. (1983). Maternal rank and offspring rank in vervet monkeys: an appraisal of the mechanisms of rank acquisition. Animal Behaviour 31: 772-782.
Howe, M. L., and Courage, M. L. (1997). The emergence and early development of autobiographical memory. Psychological Review 104: 499-523.
Huber, L., Rechberger, S. and Taborsky, M. (2000). Social effects on object exploration in Keas. Unpublished manuscript.
Huber, L., and Lenz, R. (1993). A test of the linear feature model of polymorphous concept discrimination with pigeons. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychololgy 46B: 1-18.
Huffman, M. A., and Wrangham, R. W. (1994). Diversity of Medicinal Plant Use by Chimpanzees in the Wild. In Chimpanzee Cultures, ed. R. W. Wrangham, W. C. McGrew, F. B. M. deWaal, and P. G. Heltne, pp. 129-148. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hulse, S.H., Page, S.C., and Braaten, R.F. (1990). Frequency range size and the frequency range constraint in auditory perception by European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Animal Learning & Behavior 18: 238-245.
Humphrey, N. (1976). The Social Function of Intellect. In Growing Points in Ethology, ed. P. P. G. Bateson and R. A. Hinde, pp. 303-317. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Reprinted in Byrne and Whiten (1988). [10]
Humphrey, N. K. (1980). Nature's Psychologists. In Consciousness and the Physical World, ed. B.D. Josephson and V.S. Ramachandran, pp. 57-75. Oxford: Pergamon.
Hutchins, E. (1995). Cognition in the Wild. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Huxley, T. H. (1888). The Struggle for Existence: A Programme. New York: Nineteenth Century.
Hyatt, C. W., and Hopkins, W. D. (1994). Self-awareness in bonobos and chimpanzees: a comparative approach. In Self-awareness in animals and humans: developmental perspectives, ed. S. T. Parker and R. W. Mitchell and M. L. Boccia, pp. 248-253. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hyvärinen, J. (1981). Regional distribution of functions in parietal association area 7 of the monkey. Brain Research 206: 287-303.
Iacoboni, M., Woods R.P., Brass M., Bekkering H., Mazziotta J.C., and Rizzolatti G. (1999). Cortical mechanisms of human imitation. Science 286: 2526-2528.
Illich, P. A., Salinas, J. A., and Grau, J. W. (1994). Latent inhibition and overshadowing of an antinociceptive response in spinalized rats. Behavioral and Neural Biology 62: 140-150.
Itakura, S. (1996). An exploratory study of gaze-monitoring in non-human primates. Japanese Psychological Research 38: 174-180. [2]
Itakura, S., Agnetta, B., Hare, B., and Tomasello, M. (1999). Chimpanzees use human and conspecific social cues to locate hidden food. Developmental Science 2: 448-456.
Itakura, S., and Tanaka, M. (1998). Use of experimenter-given cues during object-choice tasks by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), and human infants (Homo sapiens). Journal of Comparative Psychology 112: 119-126.
Jürgens, U. (1998). Mammalian vocalization: With special reference to the squirrel monkey. Naturwissenschaften 85: 376-388.
Jackson, R.R. (1992). Eight-legged tricksters: spiders that specialize in catching other spiders. BioScience 42: 590-598.
Jackson, R.R. and Pollard, S.D. (1996). Predatory behavior of jumping spiders. Annual Review of Entomology 41: 287-308.
Jackson, R.R. and Wilcox, R.S. (1990). Aggressive mimicry, prey-specific predatory behavior and predator-recognition in the predatory-prey interactions of Portia fimbriata and Euryattus sp., jumping spiders from Queensland. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 26: 111-119.
Jackson, R.R. and Wilcox, R.S. (1993a). Spider flexibly chooses aggressive mimicry signals for different prey by trial and error. Behaviour 127: 21-36.
Jackson, R.R. and Wilcox, R.S. (1993b). Observations in nature of detouring behavior by Portia fimbriata, a web-invading aggressive mimic jumping spider from Queensland. Journal of Zoology, London 230: 135-139. [2]
Jackson, R.R. and Wilcox, R.S. (1998). Spider-eating spiders. American Scientist 86: 350-357. [2]
Jackson, R.R., Li, D., Fijn, N. and Barrion, A. (1998). Predatory-prey interactions between aggressive-mimic jumping spiders (Salticidae) and araeneophagic spitting spiders (Scytodidae) from the Philippines. Journal of Insect Behavior 11: 319-342.
Jackson, R.R., and Hallas, S.E.A. (1986). Capture efficiencies of web-building spiders (Araneae, Salticidae): Is the jack-of-all-trades the master of none? Journal of Zoology, London 209: 1-7.
Jacobs, G. H., Fenwick, J. A., Crognale, M. A., and Deegan, F.F. III (1992). The all-cone retina of the garter snake: spectral mechanisms and photopigment. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 170: 701-707.
Jacobs, G. H., and Pulliam, K. A. (1973). Vision in the prairie dog: spectral sensitivity and color vision. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 84: 240-245.
James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: H. Holt and Company.
James, W. (1910). Psychology. Henry Holt and Co: New York.
Jamieson, D. (1998). Science, Knowledge, and Animals Minds. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 98: 79-102..
Jamieson, D. and Bekoff, M. (1996). On aims and methods of cognitive ethology. In Readings in animal cognition, ed. M. Bekoff and D. Jamieson, pp. 65-78. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Jamieson, D., and Bekoff, M. (1993). On Aims and Methods of Cognitive Ethology. In PSA 2, ed. M. Forbes, D. Hull, and K. Okruhlik, pp. 110-124. Lansing MI: Philosophy of Science Association (1994) ; reprinted in Readings in Animal Cognition, ed. M. Bekoff and D. Jamieson, pp. 65-78. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Janson, C.H. and van Schaik, C.P. (1993). **TITLE**. In Juvenile primates. Life history, development, and behavior, ed. M.E. Pereira and L.A. Fairbanks, pp. 57-74. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jefferson, D., Collins, R., Cooper, C., Dyer, M., Flowers, M., Korf, R., Taylor, C., and Wang, A. (1992). Evolution as a them in artificial life: The genesys/tracker system. In Artificial Life II, ed. C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer, and S. Rasmussen, pp. 549-578. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
Jellema, T., and Perrett, D.I. (2001). Coding of visible and hidden actions. In Attention and Performance XIX, ed. W. Prinz and B. Hommel, in press. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jensvold, M. L. A., and Fouts, R. S. (1993). Imaginary play in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Human Evolution 8: 217-227.
Jensvold, M. L. A., and Gardner, R. A. (2000). Interactive use of sign language by cross-fostered chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Comparative Psychology 114: 335-346.
Jerison, H. J. (1973). Evolution of the brain and intelligence. New York: Academic Press. [2]
Jitsumori, M. (1994). Category discrimination of artificial polymorphous stimuli by rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychololgy 47B: 371-386.
Johnson, D. B. (1982). Altruistic behavior and the development of the self in infants. Merill-Palmer-Quarterly 28: 379-388.
Jolly, A. (1966). Lemur social behavior and primate intelligence. Science 153: 501-506. [4]
Jolly, A. (1972). The evolution of primate behavior. New York: McGraw Hill.
Joynes, R. L., Crown, E. D., and Grau, J. W. (submitted). Instrumental learning with the spinal cord: IV. Evidence for spinal mediation.
Joynes, R. L., and Grau, J. W. (1996). Mechanisms of Pavlovian conditioning: The role of protection from habituation in spinal conditioning. Behavioral Neuroscience 110: 1375-1387.
Joynes, R. L., and Grau, J. W. (submitted). Instrumental learning with the spinal cord: III. Prior exposure to noncontingent shock induces a behavioral deficit that is blocked by an opioid antagonist.
Köksal, F., Domjan, M., and Weisman, G. (1994). Blocking of the sexual conditioning of differentially effective conditioned stimulus objects. Animal Learning and Behavior 22: 103-111.
Köksal, F., and Domjan, M. (1998). Observational conditioning of sexual behavior in the domesticated quail. Animal Learning and Behavior 26: 427-432.
Kahneman, D., Frederickson, B. L., Schreiber, C. A., and Redelmeier, D. A. (1993). When more pain is preferred to less: Adding a better end. Psychological Science 4: 401-405.
Kako, E. (1999). Elements of syntax in the systems of three language-trained animals. Animal Learning & Behavior 27: 1-14.
Kalat, J.W. (1998). Biological Psychology. 6th Edition. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Kamil, A. C. (1987). A synthetic approach to the study of animal intelligence. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 7: 257-308.
Kamil, A. C. (1988). A synthetic approach to the study of animal intelligence. In Comparative perspectives on modern psychology. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Vol. 35, ed. D. W. Leger, pp. 230-257. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. [2]
Kamil, A. C. (1994). A synthetic approach to the study of animal intelligence. In Behavioral mechanisms in evolutionary ecology, ed. L. A. Real, pp. 11-45. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kamil, A. C., Balda, R. P. and Olson, D. J. (1994). Performance of four seed-caching corvids in the radial-arm analog. Journal of Comparative Psychology 108: 385-393.
Kamil, A. C., Balda, R. P., Olson, D. J., and Good, S. (1993). Revisits to emptied cache sites by Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana): A puzzle revisited. Animal Behaviour 45: 241-252.
Kamil, A. C., Balda, R. P., and Good, S. (1999). Patterns of movement and orientation during caching and recovery by Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana). Animal Behaviour 57: 1327-1335.
Kamil, A. C., and Balda, R. P. (1985). Cache recovery and spatial memory in Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 11: 95-111.
Kamil, A. C., and Balda, R. P. (1990a). Differential memory for different cache sites by Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 16: 162-168.
Kamil, A. C., and Balda, R. P. (1990b). Spatial memory in seed-caching corvids. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation 26: 1-25.
Kamil, A. C., and Cheng, K. (2001). Way-finding and landmarks: the multiple-bearings hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Biology 204: 103-113.
Kamil, A.C. (1988). A synthetic approach to the study of animal intelligence. In Nebraska symposium on motivation: Comparative perspectives in modern psychology, Vol. 7, ed. A. Schrier and F. Stollnitz, pp. 257-308. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Kant, I. (1977/1798). Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht (translated as Anthropology from a pragmatic point of view by Victor Lyle Dowdell). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
Kanwisher, N., Chun, M.M., McDermott, J., and Hamilton, R. (1996b). FMRI reveals distinct extrastriate loci sensitive for faces and objects. 1996 Neuroscience meeting abstract 22: 1937.
Kanwisher, N., Chun, M.M., and McDermott, J. (1996a). FMRI in individual subjects reveals loci in extrastriate cortex differentially sensitive to faces and objects. Investigative ophthalmology and visual science 37: S193.
Kaplan, H., K. Hill, J. Lancaster, and A.M. Hurtado (2000). A theory of human life history evolution: diet, intelligence, and longevity. Evolutionary Anthropology 9: 156-185.
Kaplan, P.S. and Owren, M.J. (1994). Dishabituation of visual attention in 4-month-olds by infant-directed frequency sweeps. Infant Behavior and Development 17: 47-358.
Kardong, K. V. (1986). Predatory strike behavior of the rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis oreganus. Journal of Comparative Psychology 100: 304-314.
Kastak, D. and Schusterman, R.J. (1992). Comparative cognition in marine mammals: A clarification on match-to-sample tests. Marine Mammal Science 8: 414-417.
Kastak, D. and Schusterman, R.J. (1994). Transfer of visual identity matching-to-sample in two California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Animal Learning & Behavior 22: 427-435.
Kawai, N. and Matsuzawa, T. (2000). Numerical memory span in a chimpanzee. Nature 403: 39-40.
Kawashima, R., Sugiura, M., Kato, T., Nakamura, A., Hatano, K., Ito, K., Fukuda, H., Kojima, S., Nakamura, K. (1999). The human amygdala plays an important role in gaze monitoring. Brain 122: 779-783.
Keeley, B.L. (1997). Cognitive science as the computational neuroethology of intelligent behavior: Why biological facts are important for explaining cognition. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of California, San Diego.
Keeley, B.L. (1999a). Fixing content and function in neurobiological systems: The neuroethology of electroreception. Biology and philosophy 14: 395-430.
Keeley, B.L. (1999b). Review of C. Allen and M. Bekoff (1997). Philosophical psychology 12: 543-546.
Keeley, B.L. (2000a). Neuroethology and the philosophy of cognitive science. Philosophy of science 67 (Proceedings): S404-S417.
Keeley, B.L. (2000b). Shocking lessons from electric fish: The theory and practice of multiple realization. Philosophy of science 67: 444-465.
Keenan, J. P., McCutcheon, B., Freund, S., Gallup, G. G., Jr., Sanders, G., and Pascual-Leone, A. (1999). Left hand advantage in a self-face recognition task. Neuropsychologia 37: 1421-1425.
Keenan, J. P., Nelson, A., M., O. C., and Pascual-Leone, A. (2001). Self-recognition and the right hemisphere. Nature 409: 305.
Keenan, J. P., and Wheeler, M. (in press). The neuropsychology of self. In The Self and Schizophrenia: A Neuropsychological Perspective, ed. A. S. David and T. Kircher, pp xxx-xxx. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Keil, F. C. (1989). Concepts, Kinds, and Cognitive Development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Keil, F. C. , Smith, W. C., Simons, D. J., and Levin, D. T. (1998). Two dogmas of conceptual empiricism: Implications for hybrid models of the structure of knowledge. Cognition 60: 143-171.
Kellogg, W. N. and Rice, C. E. (1966). Visual discrimination and problem solving in a bottlenose dolphin. In Whales, dolphins, and porpoises, ed. K. S. Norris, pp. 731-754. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kemler Nelson, D. G. (1999). Attention to functional properties in toddlers' naming and problem solving. Cognitive Development 14: 77-100.
Kemler Nelson, D. G., Frankenfield, A., Morris, C., and Blair, E. (2000). Young children's use of functional information to categorize artifacts: Three factors that matter. Cognition 77: 133-168.
Kennedy, J. S. (1992). The new anthropomorphism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kesner, R. P., and Novak, J. M. (1982). Serial position curve in rats: Role of the dorsal hippocampus. Science 218: 173-175.
Keverne, E.B., Leonard, R.A., Scruton, D.M., Young, S.K. (1978). Visual monitoring in social groups of talapoin monkeys (Miopithecus talapoin). Animal Behaviour 26: 933-944.
King, B. J. (1994). The Information Continuum: evolution of social information transfer in monkeys, apes, and hominids. Santa Fe, NM: SAR Press.
King, R., B., Milstead, W. B., Gibbs, H. L., Prosser, M. R., Burghardt, G. M., and McCracken, G. F. (2001). Application of microsatellite DNA markers to discriminate between maternal and genetic effects on scalation and behavior in multiply-sired garter snake litters. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 121-128.
Kiriazis, J. (1991). Communication and sociality in Gunnison's prairie dogs. Ph. D. Dissertation, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff.
Kitko, R., Gesser, D., and Owren, M. J. (1999). Noisy screams of macaques may function to annoy conspecifics. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 106: 2221.
Koehler, O. (1953). Thinking without words. Proceedings of the XIVth International Congress of Zoology: 75-88.
Kohlberg, L. (1981). The Philosophy of Moral Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kohler, W. (1925). The mentality of apes. Reprinted 1976, NY: Liveright.
Kono, H., Reid, P.J., and Kamil, A.C. (1998). The effect of background cuing on prey detection. Animal Behaviour 56: 963-972.
Korsgaard, C. (1996). Sources of Normativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kortlandt, A. (1972). New perspectives on ape and human evolution. Stichting Voor Psychobiologie. Amsterdam.
Kovary, I., Brannon, E.M., and Terrace, H.S. (2000). The ability of a rhesus monkey to extrapolate a descending numerical rule to novel numerosities. Paper presented at Conference on Comparative Cognition.
Koza, J. R., Rice, J. P., and Roughgarden, J. (1992). Evolution of food foraging strategies for the Caribbean anolis lizard using genetic programming. Adaptive Behavior 1: 47-74.
Krebs, J. R., Sherry, D. F., Healy, S. D., Perry, V. H., and Vaccarino, A. L. (1989). Hippocampal specialization of food-storing birds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,USA 86: 1388-1392.
Krebs, J., Sherry, S., Healy, V., Perry, V., and Vaccarino, A. (1989). Hippocampal specialization of food-storing in birds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 86: 1388-1392.
Kreuger, J. (2001). Null hypothesis significance testing: on the survival of a flawed method. American Psychologist 56: 16-26.
Kroodsma, D.E., and Byers, B.E. (1998). Songbird song repertoires: an ethological approach to studying cognition. In Animal cognition in nature, ed. R.P. Balda, I.M. Pepperberg, and A.C. Kamil, pp. 305-336. London: Academic.
Kropotkin, P. (1908). Mutual Aid. London: William Heinemann.
Kummer, H. (1968). Social organization of hamadryas baboons. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Kummer, H. (1984). From laboratory to desert and back: A social system of Hamadryas baboons. Animal Behaviour 32: 965-971.
Kummer, H., and Goodall, J. (1985). Conditions of innovative behaviour in primates. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (B) 308: 203-214.
Laland, K., Odling-Smee, J., and Feldman, M. (2000). Niche Construction, Biological Evolution and Cultural Change. Behavioral and Brain Sciences yyy: xxx-xxx.
Lancaster, J.B. (1975). Primate Behavior and the Emergence of Human Culture. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Land, M.F. (1969a). Structure of the retinae of the principal eyes of jumping spiders (Salticidae: Dendryphantinae) in relation to visual optics. Journal of Experimental Biology 51: 443-470.
Land, M.F. (1969b). Movements of the retinae of jumping spiders (Salticidae: Dendryphantinae) in response to visual stimuli. Journal of Experimental Biology 51: 471-493.
Land, M.F. (1974). A comparison of the visual behaviour of a predatory arthropod with that of a mammal. In Invertebrate Neurons and Behaviour, ed C.A.G. Wiersma, pp. 411-18. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Land, M.F. (1985). The morphology and optics of spider eyes. In Neurobiology of arachnids, ed. F. G. Barth, pp. 53-78. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Landau, B., Smith, L., and Jones, S. (1998). Object perception and object naming in early development. Trends in Cognitive Science 2: 19-24.
Langer, J. (2000a). The descent of cognitive development. Developmental Science 3: 361-379 and 385-389.
Langer, J. (2000b). The heterochronic evolution of primate cognitive development. In Brains, bodies, and behavior: The evolution of human development, ed. S. T. Parker, J. Langer and M. McKinney, pp. 215-236. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research.
Langley, C.M. (1996). Search images: selective attention to specific visual features. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 22: 152-163.
Langton, S.R.H., Watt, R.J., Bruce, V. (2000). Do the eyes have it? Cues to the direction of social attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4: 50-59.
Lave, J. and Wenger, E. (1991). Situated Learning. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lavin, T. and Hall, G. (1999). Perceptual properties and children's acquisition of words for solids and non-solids. Poster presented at the biennial meeting for the Society for Research in Child Development. Albuquerque, New Mexico.
LeDoux, J.E. (1996). The Emotional Brain. New York: Simon and Schuster.
LeMay, M., and Geschwind, N. (1975). Hemispheric differences in the brains of great apes. Brain, Behavior, and Evolution 11: 48-52.
Leiner, H. C., Leiner, A. L., and Dow, R. S. (1995). The underestimated cerebellum. Human Brain Mapping 2: 244-254.
Leinonen, L., Hyvärinen, J., Nyman, G., and Linnankoski, I. (1979). Function properties of neurons in lateral part of associative area 7 in awake monkeys. Experimental Brain Research 34: 299-320.
Leinonen, L., and Nyman, G. (1979). II. Functional properties of cells in anterolateral part of area 7 associative face area of awake monkeys. Experimental Brain Research 34: 321-333.
Lent, P. C. (1974). Mother-infant relationships in ungulates. In The behaviour of ungulates and its relation to management., ed. V. Geist and F. R. Walther, pp. 14-55. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN.
Levins, R. (1968). Evolution in Changing Environments. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Lewis, K. P. (2000). A comparative study of primate play behaviour: implications for the study of cognition. Folia Primatologica 71: 417-421.
Lewis, M. and Brooks-Gunn, J. (1979). Social cognition and the acquisition of the self. New York: Plenum.
Lewis, M., Sullivan, M. W., Stanger, C., and Weiss, M. (1989). Self development and self-conscious emotions. Child Development 60: 146-156.
Lewontin, R. C. (1985). The Organism as the Subject and Object of Evolution. In The Dialectical Biologist, ed. R. Levins and R. Lewontin, pp. 85-106. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Leydet, F. (1977). The coyote: defiant songdog of the West. San Francisco: Chronicle Books.
Lieberman P. (1984). The biology and evolution of language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Lieberman, D.A. (2000). Learning. Behavior and Cognition, 3rd edition. Stamford, CT: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.
Lieberman, P. (1994). Human language and human uniqueness. Language and Communication 14: 87-95.
Lilly, J. C. (1961). Man and dolphin. New York: Doubleday.
Lilly, J. C. (1967). The mind of the dolphin: A Nonhuman Intelligence. New York: Doubleday.
Lima, S. L., and Zollner, P.A. (1996). Towards a behavioral ecology of ecological landscapes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11: 131-135.
Lin, A. C., Bard, K. A., and Anderson, J. R. (1992). Development of self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Comparative Psychology 106: 120-127. [2]
Lindauer, M. (1961). Communication Among Social Bees. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Lively, C. (1986). Canalization versus Developmental Conversion in a Spatially Variable Environment. American Naturalist 128: 561-72.
Locke, J. (1975). Essay concerning human understanding, ed. P. H. Nidditch. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon. (Originally written, 1690.)
Lockwood, R. (1989). Anthropomorphism is not a four-letter word. In Perceptions of animals in American culture, ed. R. J. Hoage, pp. 41-56. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Loeb, J. (1918). Forced Movements, Tropisms, and Animal Conduct. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott Company.
Lorenz, K. (1950). The comparative method in studying innate behavior patterns. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, IV. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lorincz, E.N., Baker, C.I., and Perrett, D.I. (1999). Visual cues for attention following in rhesus monkeys. Current Psychology of Cognition 18: 973-1003.
Luria, A. (1982). Language and cognition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Lyman-Henley, L. P., and Burghardt, G. M. (1995). Diet, litter and sex effects on chemical prey preference, growth and site selection in two sympatric species of (Thamnophis). Herpetological Monographs 9: 140-160.
Müller, R and Schnitzler, H.-U. (1999). Acoustic flow perception in cf bats: Properties of the available cues. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105: 2958-2966.
MacLennan, B. J. (1990). Evolution of communication in a population of simple machines (Tech. Rep. No. CS-90-99). Knoxville, TN: Computer Science Department, University of Tennessee.
MacLennan, B. J. (1992). Synthetic ethology: An approach to the study of communication. In Artificial life II: The second workshop on the synthesis and simulation of living systems, ed. C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer and S. Rasmussen, pp. 631-658. Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley.
MacLennan, B. J. (in press). The emergence of communication through synthetic evolution. In Advances in evolutionary synthesis of neural systems, ed. V. Honavar, M. Patel and K. Balakrishnan, pp. xxx-xxx. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
MacLennan, B. J., and Burghardt, G. M. (1993). Synthetic ethology and the evolution of cooperative communication. Adaptive Behavior 2: 161-188.
Macario, J. F. (1991). Young children's use of color and classification: Foods and canonically colored objects. Cognitive Development 6: 17-46.
Maccarone, A.D. (1987). Sentinel behaviour in American Crows. Bird Behaviour 7: 93-95.
Macedonia, J. M. (1990). What is communicated in the antipredator calls of lemurs: Evidence from antipredator call playbacks to ringtailed and ruffed lemurs. Ethology 86: 177-190.
Macedonia, J. M. (1990). What is communicated in the antipredator calls of lemurs: evidence from playback experiments with ring-tailed and ruffed lemurs. Ethology 86: 177-190.
Macedonia, J. M., and Evans, C. S. (1993). Variation among mammalian alarm call systems and the problem of meaning in animal signals. Ethology 93: 177-197.
Mackintosh, N. J. (1975). A theory of attention: Variations in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement. Psychological Review 82: 276-298.
Mackintosh, N. J. (2000), Abstraction and discrimination. In C. Heyes and L. Huber (Eds), The Evolution of Cognition (pp. 123-142). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Mackintosh, N. J., Wilson, B., and Boakes, R. A. (1985). Differences in mechanisms of intelligence among vertebrates. In Animal Intelligence, ed. L. Weiskrantz, pp. 53-65. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Mackintosh, N.J. (1995). Categorization by people and pigeons: The twenty-second Bartlett memorial lecture. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychololgy 48B: 193-214.
Mackintosh, N.J., Wilson, B., and Boakes, R.A. (1985). Differences in mechanism of intelligence among vertebrates. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B308: 53-65.
Macphail, E. M. (1998). The evolution of consciousness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Macphail, E.M. (1982). Brain and intelligence in vertebrates. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Macuda, T. and Roberts, W.A. (1995). Further evidence for hierarchical chunking in rat spatial memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 21: 20-32.
Madsen, C. J. and Herman, L. M. (1980). Social and ecological correlates of vision and visual appearance. In Cetacean behavior: Mechanisms and functions, ed. L. M. Herman, pp. 101-147. New York: Wiley Interscience.
Maestripieri, D. (1993). Vigilance costs of allogrooming in macaque mothers. American Naturalist 141: 744-753.
Maestripieri, D. (1998). Primate social organization, vocabulary size, and communication dynamics: A comparative study of macaques. In The evolution of language: Assessing the evidence from nonhuman primates, ed. B. King, pp. 89-112,. Santa Fe: School of American Research.
Magurran, A. E., B. Seghers, P. Shaw, and G. Carvalho (1994). Schooling preferences for familiar fish in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Journal of Fish Biology 45: 401-406.
Maier, S. F., and Jackson, R. L. (1979). Learned helplessness: All of us were right (and wrong): Inescapable shock has multiple effects. In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, ed. G. H. Bower, pp. 155-218. New York: Academic Press.
Maier, S. F., and Seligman, M. E. P. (1976). Learned helplessness: Theory and evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 105: 3-46.
Mandelbaum, M. (1964). Philosophy, science, and sense perception. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Mandler, J. M. and McDonough , L. (1993). Concept formation in infancy. Cognitive Development 8: 291-318.
Mangelsdorf, S.C. (1992). Developmental changes in infant-stranger interaction. Infant Behavior and Development 15: 191-208.
Margoliash D. and Fortune E.S. (1992). Temporal and harmonic combination-sensitive neurons in the zebra finch's HVc. Journal of Neuroscience 12: 4309-4326.
Marino, L. (1998). A comparison of encephalization levels between odontocete cetaceans and anthropoid primates. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 51: 230-238.
Marino, L., Rilling, J. K., Lin, S. K. and Ridgway, S. H. (2000). Relative volume of the cerebellum in dolphins and comparison with anthropoid apes. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 56: 204-211.
Marler P. (1968). Aggregation and dispersal: two functions in primate communication. In Primates: studies in adaptation and variability, ed. P. C. Jay, pp. 420-438. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Marler, P. (1955). Characteristics of some animal calls. Nature 176: 6-8.
Marler, P. (1990). Song learning: The interface between behavior and neuroethology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B 329: 109-114.
Marler, P., Dufty, A., and Pickert, R. (1986). Vocal communication in the domestic chicken: I. Does a sender communicate information about the quality of a food referent to a receiver? Animal Behaviour 34: 188-193.
Marler, P., Evans, C. S., and Hauser, M. D. (1992). Animal signals: Motivational, referential, or both? In Nonverbal vocal communication: Comparative and developmental approaches, ed. H. Papousek, U. Jürgens, and M. Papousek, pp. 66-86. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Marshall A.J., Wrangham R.W. and Arcadi A.C. (1999). Does learning affect the structure of vocalizations in chimpanzees? Animal Behaviour 58: 825-830.
Marten, K., and Psarakos, S. (1994). Evidence of self-awareness in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). In Self-awareness in animals and humans, ed. S. T. Parker, R. W. Mitchell, and H. L. Miles, pp. 361-379. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Martin, C. (1978). Keepers of the game: Indian-animal relationships and the fur trade. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Martin, R. D. (1983). Human brain evolution in an ecological context. New York: American Museum of Natural History.
Martins, E. P., ed. (1996). Phylogenies and the comparative method in animal behavior. New York: Oxford University Press.
Marzluff, J.B. and Heinrich, B. (1991). Foraging by common ravens in the presence and absence of territory holders: an experimental analysis of social foraging. Animal Behaviour 42: 755-770.
Mason, G.J., Cooper, J., and Clarebrough, C. (2001). Frustrations of fur-farmed mink. Nature 410: 35-36.
Mason, W. A. (1979). Wanting and knowing: A biological perspective on maternal deprivation. In Origins of the infant's social responsiveness, ed. E. Thoman, pp. 225-249. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Mason, W. A. (1986). Behavior implies cognition. In Integrating scientific disciplines, ed. W. Bechtel, pp. 297-307. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Matelli, M., Camarda, R., Glickstein, M., and Rizzolatti G. (1986). Afferent and efferent projections of the inferior area 6 in the Macaque Monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology 251: 281-298.
Matelli, M., Luppino, G., and Rizzolatti, G. (1985). Patterns of cytochrome oxidase activity in the frontal agranular cortex of the macaque monkey. Behavioral Brain Research 18: 125-137.
Matelli, M., and Luppino, G. (1997) Functional anatomy of human motor cortical areas. In Handbook of Neuropsychology, vol. 11, ed. F. Boller and J. Grafman, pp. xxx-xxx. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B. V.
Matsuzawa, T. (1985). Use of numbers by a chimpanzee. Nature 315: 57-59.
Matsuzawa, T. (1994) Field experiments on use of stone tools by chimpanzees in the wild. In Chimpanzee Cultures, ed. R. Wrangham, W. McGrew, F. de Waal and P. Heltne, pp. 351-370. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Matsuzawa, T. (1994). Field experiments on use of stone tools by chimpanzees in the wild. In Chimpanzee Cultures, ed. R. W. Wrangham, W. C. McGrew, F. B. M. de Waal, and P. G. Heltne, pp. 351-370. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Matsuzawa, T. (1994). Field experiments on use of stone tools in the wild. In Chimpanzee cultures, ed. R. Wrangham, W. C. McGrew, F. B. M. d. Waal, P. Heltne and L. A. Marquardt, pp. 351-370. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Matsuzawa, T. (2001). Primate Origins of Human Cognition and Behavior. Berlin: Springer.
Matthews, W. S. (1977). Modes of transformation in the initiation of fantasy play. Developmental Psychology 13: 212-216.
May, B., Moody, D. B., and Stebbins, W. C. (1989). Categorical perception of conspecific communication sounds by Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85: 837-847.
Maynard Smith, J. (1982) . Evolution and the Theory of Games. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McCarthy, G. (2000). Physiological studies of face processing in humans. In The New Cognitive Neurosciences, 2nd ed., ed. M. S. Gazzaniga, 393-409. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
McClelland, J. L., and Rumelhart, D. (1988). Explorations in Parallel Distributed Processing: A Handbook of Models, Programs, and Exercises. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
McConnell, P.B. (1991). Lessons from animal trainers: The effect of acoustic structure on an animal's response. In Perspectives in Ethology: Human Understanding and Animal Awareness. Vol. 9, ed. P. Bateson and P. Klopfer, pp. 165-187. New York: Plenum Press.
McCracken, G. F., Burghardt, G. M., and Houts, S. E. (1999). Microsatellite markers and multiple paternity in the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis. Molecular Ecology 8: 1475-1479.
McGowan, K.J., and Woolfenden, G.E. (1989). A sentinel system in the Florida scrub jay. Animal Behaviour 37: 1000-1006.
McGrew, W. (1992). Chimpanzee material culture. New York: Cambridge University Press.
McGrew, W. C. (1974). Tool use by wild chimpanzees feeding on driver ants. Journal of Human Evolution 3: 501-508.
McGrew, W. C. (1992). Chimpanzee Material Culture: Implications for Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [3]
McGrew, W. C. (1994). Tools Compared: The Material of Culture. In Chimpanzee Cultures, ed. R. W. Wrangham, W. C. McGrew, F. B. M. deWaal, and P. G. Heltne, pp. 25-40. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
McGrew, W. C., Tutin, C. E. G., and Baldwin, P. J. (1979). Chimpanzees, tools, and termites: Cross cultural comparison of Senegal, Tanzania, and Rio Muni. Man 14: 185-214.
McGrew, W., Marchant, L. and Nishida, T., eds. (1996). Great ape societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McKinley, J., and Sambrook, T. (2000). Use of human-given cues by domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and horses (Equus caballus) Animal Cognition 3: 13-22.
McKinney, M. and McNamara, K. (1991). Heterochrony: The Evolution of Ontogeny. New York: Plenum.
McNamara, K. (1997). The shapes of time. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Meagher, M. W., Chen, P., Salinas, J. A., and Grau, J. W. (1993). Activation of the opioid and nonopioid hypoalgesic systems at the level of the brainstem and spinal cord: Does a coulometric relation predict the emergence or form of environmentally-induced hypoalgesia? Behavioral Neuroscience 107: 493-505.
Mech, L. D. (1970). The Wolf. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Meck, W. H., and Church, R. M. (1983). A Mode Control Model of Counting and Timing Processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 9: 320-334.
Meijer, M.K., Van Renselaar, J.P., and Bos, R. van den (submitted). Measuring "liking" in domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus): the Composite Palatability Score.
Meltzoff, A. N. (1988). The human infant as Homo Imitans. In Social Learning: Psychological and biological perspectives, ed. T. Zentall and B. Galef, pp. 319-341. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Mendres, K. A., and de Waal, F. B.M. (2000). Capuchins do cooperate: the advantage of an intuitive task. Animal Behaviour 60: 532-529.
Menzel, E. (1974). A group of young chimpanzees in a one acre field. In Behaviour of nonhuman primates, ed. A. M. Schrier and F. Stollnitz, pp. 83-153. San Diego: Academic Press.
Menzel, E. W., Jr. (1973). Leadership and communication in young chimpanzees. In Precultural primate behavior, ed. E. W. Menzel, Jr. , pp. 192-225. Basel: S. Karger.
Menzel, E. W., Jr., and Juno, C. (1985). Social foraging in marmoset monkeys and the question of intelligence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B308: 145-158.
Menzel, E.W. (1974). A group of chimpanzees in a 1-acre field: leadership and communication. In Behavior of nonhuman primates, ed. A.M. Schrier and F. Stollintz, pp. 83-153. New York: Academic Press.
Menzel, E.W. and Halperin, S. (1975). Purposive behavior as a basis for objective communication in chimpanzees. Science 189: 652-654.
Menzel, R., Brandt, R., Gumbert, A., Komischke, B., and Kunze, J. (in press). Two spatial memories for honeybee navigation.
Menzel, R., Geiger, K., Müller, U., Joerges, J., and Chittka, L. (1998). Bees travel novel homeward routes by integrating separately acquired memories. Animal Behaviour 55: 139-152.
Mercado, E. III, Killebrew, D. A., Pack, A. A., Macha, I. V. B., and Herman, L. M. (2000). Generalization of same-different classification abilities in bottlenosed dolphins. Behavioural Processes 50: 79-94.
Mercado, E. III, Murray, S. O., Uyeyama, R. K., Pack, A. A., and Herman, L. M. (1998). Memory for recent actions in the bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): Repetition of arbitrary behaviors using an abstract rule. Animal Learning and Behavior 26: 210-218.
Mesterton-Gibbons, M., and L. A. Dugatkin (1992). Cooperation among unrelated individuals: evolutionary factors. Quarterly Review of Biology 67: 267-281.
Meyer, M. (1921). Psychology of the other one. Columbia, MO: Missouri Book Company.
Michaels, C. F., and Carello, C. (1981). Direct Perception. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Miglino, O., Nafasi, K., and Taylor, C. E. (1994). Selection for wandering behavior in a small robot. Artificial Life 2: 101-116.
Miklosi, A., Polgardi, R., Topal, J., and Csanyi , V. (1998). Use of experimenter-given cues in dogs. Animal Cognition 1: 113-122.
Miles, H. L. (1983). Apes and language: The search for communicative competence. In Language in primates: Perspectives and implications, ed. J. D. Luce and H. T. Wilder, pp. 43-61. New York: Springer Verlag.
Miles, H. L., Mitchell, R. W., and Harper, S. (1996). Simon says: The development of imitation in an enculturated orangutan. In Reaching into thought: The minds of the great apes, ed. A. Russon, K. Bard, and S. T. Parker, pp. 278-299. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Miles, H. L., Mitchell, R. W., and Harper, S. E. (1996). Simon says: The development of imitation in an enculturated orangutan. In Reaching Into Thought: The Minds of the Great Apes, ed. A. Russon, K. Bard, and S. T. Parker, pp. 278-299. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Miller C.T. and Hauser M.D. (submitted). What is the unit of production of cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) long calls? Ethology.
Miller, G.A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review 63: 81-97.3
Millikan, R. G. (1984). Language, Thought, and Other Biological Categories. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Millikan, R. G. (1993). White Queen Psychology and Other Essays for Alice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Mills, M. G. L. (1990). Kalahari hyaenas. Comparative behavioural biology of two species. London: Unwin Hyman.
Milton, K. (1981). Distribution patterns of tropical plant foods as an evolutionary stimulus to primate mental development. American Anthropologist 83: 534-548.
Mitani J. and Nishida T. (1993). Contexts and social correlates of long distance calling by male chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour 45: 735-746.
Mitani J.C. (1985). Responses of gibbons (Hylobates muelleri) to self, neighbor, and stranger duets. International Journal of Primatology 6: 193-200.
Mitani J.C. and Marler P. (1989). A phonological analysis of male gibbon singing behavior. Behaviour 109: 20-45.
Mitani, J. C. and Nishida, T. (1993). Contexts and social correlates of long-distance calling by male chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour 45: 735-746.
Mitani, J. C., Hasegawa, T., Gros-Louis, J., Marler, P. and Byrne, R. (1992). Dialects in wild chimpanzees? American Journal of Primatology 27: 233-243.
Mitani, J.C. (1985). Sexual selection and adult male orangutan long calls. Animal Behaviour 33: 272-283.
Mitani, J.C. and D. Watts (1999). Demographic influences on the hunting behavior of chimpanzees. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 109: 439-454.
Mitchell, R.W. (1986). A Framework for Discussing Deception. In Deception: Perspectives on Human and Nonhuman Deceit, ed. R.W. Mitchell and N.S. Thompson, pp. 3-40. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Mitchell, R. and Thompson, N., eds. (1986). Deception: Perspectives on human and nonhuman deceit. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Mitchell, M. and Taylor, C. E. (1999). Evolutionary computation: An overview. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30: 593-616.
Mitchell, R. W. (1993a). Mental models of mirror-self-recognition: Two theories. New Ideas in Psychology 11: 295-325.
Mitchell, R. W. (1993b). Recognizing one's self in a mirror? A reply to Gallup and Povinelli, de Lannoy, Anderson, and Byrne. New Ideas in Psychology 11: 351-377.
Mitchell, R. W. (1994). The evolution of primate cognition: Simulation, self-knowledge, and knowledge of other minds. In Hominid culture in primate perspective, ed. D. Quiatt and J. Itani, pp. 177-232. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado.
Mitchell, R. W. (1997a). Kinesthetic-visual matching and the self-concept as explanations of mirror-self-recognition. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 27: 101-123.
Mitchell, R. W. (1997b). A comparison of the self-awareness and kinesthetic-visual matching theories of self-recognition: Autistic children and others. New York Academy of Sciences 818: 39-62.
Mitchell, R. W. (1999a). Scientific and popular conceptions of the psychology of great apes from the 1790s to the 1970s: Déjà vu all over again. Primate Report 53: 1-118.
Mitchell, R. W. (1999b). A proposal for the development of a mental vocabulary, with special reference to pretense and false belief. In Children's reasoning and the mind, ed. K. Riggs and P. Mitchell, pp. 37-65. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
Mitchell, R. W. (2001). Imitation as a perceptual process. In Imitation in animals and artifacts, ed. C. L. Nehaniv and K. Dautenhahn, pp. in press. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Mitchell, R. W., Thompson, N. S., and H. L. Miles (eds.). (1997). Anthropomorphism, anecdotes, and animals. Albany: State University of New York Press. [2]
Mitchell, R. W., and Anderson, J. (1993). Discrimination learning of scratching, but failure to obtain imitation and self-recognition in a long-tailed macaque. Primates 34: 301-309.
Mithen, S. (1996). The Prehistory of the Mind: A Search for the Origins of Art, Religion, and Science. London: Thames and Hudson.
Mithen, S. (1996). The prehistory of the mind. New York: Thames and Hudson.
Moore, C., and Corkum, V. (1998). Infant gaze-following based on eye direction. British Journal of Psychology 16: 495-503.
Moran, N. (1992). The Evolutionary Maintenance of Alternative Phenotypes. American Naturalist 139: 971-989.
Morgan, C. L. (1894). An introduction to comparative psychology. London: Scott [2]
Mori, A., Ota, H., and Kamezaki, N. (1999). Foraging on sea turtle nesting beaches: flexible foraging tactics by Dinodon semicarinatum (Serpentes: Colubridae). In Tropical island herpetofauna: origin, current diversity, and conservation, ed. H. Ota, pp. 99-128. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Morozov, V. P., Akopian, A. I., Zaytseva, K. A., and Sokovykh, Y. A. (1972). Tracking frequency of the locations signals of dolphins as a function of the distance to the target. Biofizika 17: 139-143.
Morris, J.S., Frith, C.D., Perrett, D.I., Rowland, D., Young, A.W., Calder, A.J., Dolan, R.J. (1996). A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions. Nature 383: 812-815.
Morris, J.S., Ohman, A., Dolan, R.J. (1999). A subcortical pathway to the right amygdala mediating "unseen" fear. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96: 1680-1685.
Moss, C.J. (1988). Elephant memories. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Mouchetant-Rostaing, Y., Giard, M.H., Bentin, S., Aguera, P.E., Pernier, J. (2000). Neurophysiological correlates of face gender processing in humans. European Journal of Neuroscience 12: 303-310.
Mousset, E., Jabri, M., Carlile, S., and Sejnowski, T. (2000). Gaze-shifting in humans and humanoids. Humanoids 2000.
Moye, T. B., Coon, D. J., Grau, J. W., and Maier, S. F. (1981). Therapy and immunization of long-term analgesia in rats. Learning and Motivation 12: 133-148.
Moyer, R. S. and Landaeur, T.K. (1967). Time required for judgments of numerical inequality. Nature 215: 1519-1520.
Mullin, S. J. (1999). Caudal distraction by rat snakes (Colubridae, Elaphe): a novel behavior used when capturing mammalian prey. Great Basin naturalist, 59, 361-367.
Munn, N. R. (1950). Handbook of Psychological Research on the Rat. New York: Houghton-Mifflin.
Murdoch, W.W. (1969). Switching in general predators: experiments on predator specificity and stability of prey populations. Ecological Monographs 39: 335-354.
Murdoch, W.W. and Oaten, A. (1975). Predation and population stability. Advances in Ecological Research 9: 1-131.
Murofushi, K. (1997). Numerical matching behavior by a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): Subitizing and analogue magnitude estimation. Japanese Psychological Research 39: 14-153.
Nadel, L. (1992). Multiple memory systems: What and why. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 4: 179-188.
Nagel, T. (1986). The View From Nowhere. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Nagell, K., Olguin, R. S., and Tomasello, M. (1993). Process of Social Learning in the Tool Use of Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and Human Children (Homo sapiens). Journal of Comparative Psychology 107: 174-186.
Narins P.M. and Capranica R.R. (1978). Communicative significance of the two-note call of the treefrog Eleutherodactylus coqui. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 127: 1-9.
Nelson, D.A. (1988). Feature weighting in species song recognition by the field sparrow (Spizella pusilla). Behaviour 106: 158-182.
Newell, A. (1990). Unified theories of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Newell, A. and Simon, H. A. (1972). Human Problem Solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Newell, A., and Simon, H. A. (1958). Elements of a theory of human problem solving. Psychological Review 65: 151-166.
Newell, T. G. (1971). Social encounters in two prosimian species: Galago crassicaudatus and Nycticebus coucang. Psychonomic Society 2: 128-130.
Newman J.D., Lieblich A., Talmage-Riggs G. and Symmes D. (1978). Syllable classification and sequencing in twitter calls of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 47: 77-88.
Nijhout, H.F. (1991). The Development and Evolution of Butterfly Wing Patterns. Washington, DC :Smithsonian Institution.
Nijhout, H.F. (1996). Focus on butterfly eyespot development. Nature 384: 209-210.
Nishida, T. (1979). The social structure of chimpanzees of the Mahale mountains. In The Great Apes, ed. D. A. Hamburg and E. R. McCown, pp. 73-121. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings.
Nishida, T. (1986). Local traditions and cultural transmission. In Primate Societies, ed. B. B. Smuts, D. L. Cheney, R. M. Seyfarth, R. W. Wrangham, and T. T. Struhsaker, pp. 462-474. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Nishida, T., M. Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, T. Hasegawa, and Y. Takahata (1985). Group extinction and female transfer in wild chimpanzees in theMahale National park, Tanzania. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 67: 284-301.
Nishida, T., T. Hasegawa , H. Hayaki, Y. Takahata, and S. Uehara (1992). Meat-sharing as a coalition strategy by an alpha male chimpanzee. In Topics in Primatology, Volume I: Human Origins, ed. T. Nishida, W.C. McGrew, P. Marler, and M. Pickford, pp. 159-174. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
Noble, J., and Cliff, D. (1996). On simulating the evolution of communication. In From animals to animats 4: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, ed. P. Maes, M. Mataric, J.-A. Meyer, J. Pollack and S. W. Wilson, pp. 608-617. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Noe, R. (1992). Alliance formation among male baboons: shopping for profitable partners. In Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals, ed. A.H. Harcourt and F.B.M. de Waal, pp. 284-321. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nolfi, S. and Floreano, D. (2001). Evolutionary Robotics: The Biology, Intelligence and Technology of Self-Organizing Machines. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. [2]
Norman, D.A. (1988). The Psychology of Everyday Things. New York: Basic Books.
Nunez, R. (1996). Ecological naturalism: Conscious experience as a supra-individual biological (SIB) phenomenon. Consciousness Research Abstracts, Toward a Science of Consciousness: 178.
O'Connor, N. and Hermelin, B. (1967). The selective visual attention of autistic children. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry 8: 167-179.
O'Keefe, J., and Nadel, L. (1978). The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
O'Neill W.E. and Suga N. (1979). Target range-sensitive neurons in the auditory cortex of the mustache bat. Science 251: 565-568.
Oaten, A., Pearce E.M. and Smyth, M.E.B. (1975). Batesian mimicry and signal detection theory. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 37: 367-387.
Öhman, A. (1993). Fear and anxiety as emotional phenomena: Clinical phenomenology, evolutionary perspectives, and information-processing mechanisms. In Handbook of Emotion, ed. M. Lewis, J.M. Haviland, pp. 511-536. New York: Guilford Press.
Olson, D. J., Kamil, A. C., Balda, R. P., and Nims, P. J. (1995). Performance of four seed-caching corvid species in operant tests of nonspatial and spatial memory. Journal of Comparative Psychology 109: 173-181. [3]
Olthof, A., Iden, C.M., and Roberts, W.A. (1997). Judgments of ordinality and summation of number symbols by squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 23: 325-339.
Ortega, C. (1998). Cowbirds and Other Brood Parasites. University of Arizona Press.
Overmier, J. B., and Seligman, M. E. P. (1967). Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance learning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 63: 28-33.
Owings, D. H. (1994). How monkeys feel about the world: A review of How Monkeys See the World. Language and Communication 14: 15-30.
Owings, D. H., and Coss, R. G. (1977). Snake mobbing by California ground squirrels: Adaptive variation and ontogeny. Behaviour 62: 50-69.
Owings, D. H., and Hennessy, D. F. (1984). The importance of variation in sciurid visual and vocal communication. In The biology of ground-dwelling squirrels: Annual cycles, behavioral ecology, and sociality, ed. J. A. Murie and G. R. Michener, pp. 169-200. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Owings, D. H., and Loughry, W. J. (1985). Variation in snake-elicited jump-yipping by black-tailed prairie dogs: Ontogeny and snake-specificity. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 70: 177-200.
Owings, D. H., and Morton, E. S. (1998). Animal vocal communication: A new approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [2]
Owren M.J. (2000). Spectral content and function of nonhuman primate vocalizations is shaped by both vocal-fold vibration and supra-laryngeal filtering characteristics. 5th Seminar on Speech Production: Models and Data. Kloster Seeon, Germany.
Owren, M. J., Dieter, J. A., Seyfarth, R. M. and Cheney, D. L. (1992). Evidence of limited modification in the vocalizations of cross-fostered rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and Japanese (M. fuscata) macaques. In Topics in primatology. Human origins, ed. T. Nishida, W. C. McGrew, P. Marler, M. Pickford and F. B. M. de Waal, pp. 257-270. Tokyo: Univ. of Tokyo Press.
Owren, M.J. and Rendall, D. (1997). An affect-conditioning model of nonhuman primate vocal signaling. In Perspectives in Ethology: Communication. Vol 12, ed. D.H. Owings, M.D. Beecher and N.S. Thompson, pp. 299-346. New York: Plenum Press.
Owren, M.J. and Rendall, D. (in press). Sound on the rebound: Bringing form and function back to the forefront in understanding primate vocal signaling. Evolutionary Anthropology.
Owren, M.J., Cheney, D.L. and Seyfarth, R.M. (1997). The acoustic features of vowel-like grunt calls in chacma baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 101: 2951-2963.
Owren, M.J., Dieter, J.A., Seyfarth, R.M. and Cheney, D.L. (1993). Vocalizations of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and Japanese (M. fuscata) macaques cross-fostered between species show evidence of only limited modification. Developmental Psychobiology 26: 389-406.
Pääbo, S. (2001). The Human Genome and Our View of Ourselves. Science 291 (Feb 16 2001): 1219-1220.
Pack, A. A. and Herman L. M. (1995). Sensory integration in the bottlenosed dolphin: Immediate recognition of complex shapes across the senses of echolocation and vision. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 98: 722-733.
Packer, C. (1977). Reciprocal altruism in Papio anubis. Nature (London) 265: 441-443.
Packer, C. (1994). Into Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Palombit, R.A., Seyfarth, R.M., and Cheney, D.L. (1997). The adaptive value of "friendships" to female baboons: Experimental and observational evidence. Animal Behaviour 54: 599-614.
Papousek, M., Papousek, H. and Symmes, D. (1991). The meanings of melodies in motherese in tone and stress languages. Infant Behavior and Development 14: 415-440.
Park, T.J., and Dooling, R.J. (1985). Perception of species-specific contact calls by budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Journal of Comparative Psychology 99: 391-402.
Parker, P.G., Waite, T.A., Heinrich, B., and Marzluff, J.M. (1994). Do common ravens share food bonanzas with kin? DNA fingerprinting evidence. Animal Behaviour 48: 1085-1093.
Parker, S. T. (1977). Piaget's sensorimotor series in an infant macaque: A model for comparing unstereotyped behavior and intelligence in human and nonhuman primates. In Primate biosocial development, ed. S. Chevalier-Skolnikoff and F. Poirier, pp. 43-112. New York: Garland.
Parker, S. T. (1990). The origins of comparative developmental evolutionary studies of primate mental abilities. In "Language" and intelligence in monkeys and apes, ed. S. T. Parker and K. R. Gibson, pp. 3-64. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Parker, S. T. (1991). A developmental approach to the origins of self-awareness in great apes and human infants. Human Evolution 6: 435-449.
Parker, S. T. (1996). Using cladistic analysis of comparative data to reconstruct the evolution of cognitive development in hominids. In Phylogenies and the comparative method in animal behavior, ed. E. Martins, pp. 361-398. New York: Oxford University Press.
Parker, S. T. and Gibson, K. R. (1977). Object manipulation, tool use, and sensorimotor intelligence as feeding adaptations in cebus monkeys and great apes. Journal of Human Evolution 6: 623-641.
Parker, S. T. and Gibson, K. R. (1979). A developmental model for the evolution of language and intelligence in early hominids. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2: 367-408.
Parker, S. T. and Gibson, K. R., eds. (1990). "Language" and intelligence in monkeys and apes. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Parker, S. T. and McKinney, M. L. (1999). Origins of intelligence. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Parker, S. T. and McKinney, M. L. (1999). Origins of intelligence: The evolution of cognitive development in monkeys, apes, and humans. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Parker, S. T., Langer, J. and McKinney, M. L., eds. (2000). Brains, bodies, and behavior: The evolution of human development. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.
Parker, S. T., Miles, H. L. and Mitchell, R. W., eds. (1999). The mentalities of gorillas and orangutans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Parker, S. T., Mitchell, R. W. and Boccia, M. L., eds. (1994). Self-awareness in animals and humans. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Passingham, R. E. (1981). Primate specializations in brain and intelligence. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 46: 361-388.
Passmore, J. (1974). Man's responsibility for nature; ecological problems and Western traditions. London: Duckworth.
Patterson, F. (1980). Innovative use of language by gorilla: A case study. In Children's Language, ed. K. Nelson, pp. 497-561. New York: Gardner.
Patterson, F. G. P., and Cohn, R. H. (1994). Self-recognition and self-awareness in lowland gorillas. In Self-awareness in animals and humans: developmental perspectives, ed. S. T. Parker and R. W. Mitchell and M. L. Boccia, pp. 273-290. New York: Cambridge University Press. [2]
Patterson, M. M. (2001). Classical conditioning of spinal reflexes: The first seventy years. In Model systems and the neurobiology of associative learning, ed. J. E. Steinmetz, M. A. Gluck, and P. R. Solomon, in press. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Patterson, M. M. and Grau, J. W. (2001). Spinal cord plasticity: Alterations in reflex function. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Pavio, A. and Begg, I. (1981). Psychology of language. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Pearce, J. M. (1991). The acquisition of concrete and abstract categories in pigeons. In Current topics in animal learning: Brain, emotion, and cognition, ed. L. Dachowski and C. F. Flaherty, pp. 141-164. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Pearce, J. M., Roberts, A. D. L., and Good, M. (1998). Hippocampal lesions disrupt navigation based on cognitive maps but not heading vectors. Nature 396: 75-77.
Peck, J. R. (1993). Friendship and the evolution of cooperation. Journal of Theoretical Biology 162: 195-228.
Pellis, S. M. (1993). Sex and the evolution of play fighting: a review and model based on the behavior of muroid rodents. Play Theory and Research 1: 55-75.
Pellis, S. M. (1997). Targets and tactics: the analysis of moment-to-moment decision making in animal combat. Aggressive Behavior 23: 107-129.
Pellis, S. M. and Iwaniuk, A. N. (1999a). The roles of phylogeny and sociality in the evolution of social play in muroid rodents. Animal Behaviour 58: 361-373.
Pellis, S. M. and Iwaniuk, A. N. (1999b). The problem of adult play fighting: a comparative analysis of play and courtship in primates. Ethology 105: 783-806.
Pellis, S. M. and Iwaniuk, A. N. (2000). Adult-adult play in primates: comparative analyses of its origin, distribution and evolution. Ethology 106: 1083-1104.
Pellis, S. M. and Pellis, V. C. (1987). Play-fighting differs from serious fighting in both target of attack and tactics of fighting in the laboratory rat Rattus norvegicus). Aggressive Behavior 13: 227-242.
Pellis, S. M. and Pellis, V. C. (1990). Differential rates of attack, defense and counterattack during the developmental decrease in play fighting by male and female rats. Developmental Psychobiology 23: 215-231.
Pellis, S. M. and Pellis, V. C. (1991). Role reversal changes during the ontogeny of play fighting in male rats: attack versus defense. Aggressive Behavior 17: 179-189.
Pellis, S. M. and Pellis, V. C. (1992). Juvenilized play fighting in subordinate male rats. Aggressive Behavior 18: 449-457.
Pellis, S. M. and Pellis, V. C. (1993). Influence of dominance on the development of play fighting in pairs of male Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Aggressive Behavior 19: 293-302.
Pellis, S. M. and Pellis, V. C. (1996). On knowing it's only play: the role of play signals in play fighting. Aggression and Violent Behavior 1: 249-268.
Pellis, S. M. and Pellis, V. C. (1997a). The prejuvenile onset of play fighting in laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus). Developmental Psychobiology 31: 193-205.
Pellis, S. M. and Pellis, V. C. (1997b). Targets, tactics, and the open mouth face during play fighting in three species of primates. Aggressive Behavior 23: 41-57.
Pellis, S. M. and Pellis, V. C. (1998a). The structure-function interface in the analysis of play fighting,. In Animal play. Evolutionary, comparative, and ecological perspectives, ed. M. Bekoff and J. A. Byers, pp. 115-140. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.
Pellis, S. M. and Pellis, V. C. (1998b). Play fighting of rats in comparative perspective: a schema for neurobehavioral analyses. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 23: 87-101.
Pellis, S. M., Field, E. F. and Whishaw, I. Q. (1999). The development of a sex-differentiated defensive motor pattern in rats: a possible role for juvenile experience. Developmental Psychobiology 35: 156-164.
Pellis, S. M., McKenna, M. M., Field, E. F., Pellis, V. C., Prusky, G. T. and Whishaw, I. Q. (1996). Uses of vision by rats in play fighting and other close-quarter social interactions. Physiology and Behavior 59: 905-913.
Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C. and McKenna, M. M. (1993). Some subordinates are more equal than others: Play fighting amongst adult subordinate male rats. Aggressive Behavior 19: 385-393.
Penner, R. H. (1988). Attention and detection in dolphin echolocation. In Animal sonar: Processes and performance, ed. P. E. Nachtigall and P. W. B. Moore, pp. 707-714. New York: Plenum Press.
Pepperberg, I. M. (1981). Functional vocalizations by an African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 55: 139-160. [2]
Pepperberg, I.M. (1983). Cognition in the African Grey Parrot: Preliminary evidence for auditory/vocal comprehension of the class concept. Animal Learning & Behavior 11: 179-185.
Pepperberg, I.M. (1987). Acquisition of the same/different concept by an African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus): Learning with respect to color, shape, and material. Animal Learning & Behavior 15: 423-432.
Pepperberg, I.M. (1988). Comprehension of `absence' by an African Grey parrot: Learning with respect to questions of same/different. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 50: 553-564.
Pepperberg, I.M. (1990). Cognition in an African Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus): Further evidence for comprehension of categories and labels. Journal of Comparative Psychology 104: 41-52. [2]
Pepperberg, I. M. (1991). Learning to communicate: The effects of social interaction. In Perspectives in ethology, Vol. 9, ed. P. P. G Bateson and P. H. Klopfer, pp. 119-162. New York: Plenum.
Pepperberg, I.M. (1992). Proficient performance of a conjunctive, recursive task by an African Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus). Journal of Comparative Psychology 106: 295-305.
Pepperberg, I.M. (1994). Evidence for numerical competence in a Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus). Journal of Comparative Psychology 108: 36-44.
Pepperberg, I.M. (1996). Categorical class formation by an African Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus). In Stimulus class formation in humans and animals, ed. T.R. Zentall and P.R. Smeets, pp. 71-90. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Pepperberg, I. M. (1999). The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. [2]
Pepperberg, I.M., and Brezinsky, M.V. (1991). Acquisition of a relative class concept by an African Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus): Discriminations based on relative size. Journal of Comparative Psychology 105: 286-294.
Perner, J. (1991). Understanding the Representational Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Perrett, D.I., Hietanen, J.K., Oram, M.W. and Benson, P.J. (1992). Organization and functions of cells responsive to faces in the temporal cortex. Philosophical transactions of the royal society of London. Series B: Biological sciences 335: 23-30. [3]
Perrett, D.I., Oram, M.W., Harries, M.H., Bevan, R., Hietanen, J.K., Benson, P.J., and Thomas, S. (1991). Viewer-centred and object-centred coding of heads in the macaque temporal cortex. Experimental brain research 86: 159-73.
Perrett, D.I., Smith, P.A.J., Potter, D.D., Mistlin, A.J., Head, A.S., Milner, A.D., and Jeeves, M.A. (1985). Visual cells in the temporal cortex sensitive to face view and gaze direction. Proceedings of theRoyal Society of London B 223: 293-317.
Petit, O., Desportes, C., and Thierry, B. (1992). Differential probability of "coproduction" in two species of macaque (Macaca tonkeana, M. mulatta). Ethology 90: 107-120.
Petrill, S. A., Plomin, R., Berg, S., Johansson, B., Pederson, N. L., Ahern, F., and McClearn, G. E. (1998). The genetic and environmental relationship between general and specific cognitive abilities in twins age 80 and older. Psychological Science 9: 183-189.
Phelps, E.A., O'Connor, K.J., Cunningham, W.A., Funayama, E.S., Gatenby, J.C., Gore, J.C., Banaji, M.R. (2000). Performance on indirect measures of race evaluation predicts amygdala activation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12: 729-738.
Piaget, J. (1945/1962). Play, dreams, and imitation in childhood. New York: W. W. Norton.
Piaget, J. and Inhelder, B. (1969). The psychology of the child. New York: Basic Books.
Pietrewicz, A.T. and Kamil, A.C. (1977). Visual detection of cryptic prey by blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata). Science 195: 580-582.
Pietrewicz, A.T. and Kamil, A.C. (1979). Search image formation in the blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata). Science 204: 1332-1333.
Pinker, S. (1994). The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. New York: W. Marrow and Co.
Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: Norton.
Pizzagalli, D., Regard, M., Lehmann, D. (1999). Rapid emotional face processing in the human right and left brain hemispheres: an ERP study. NeuroReport 10: 2691-2698.
Placer, J. and Slobodchikoff, C. N. (2000). A fuzzy-neural system for identification of species-specific alarm calls of Gunnison's prairie dogs. Behavioural Processes 52: 1-9.
Plomin, R., and Hershberger, S. (1991). Genotype-environment interaction. In Conceptualization and measurement of organism-environment interaction, ed. T. D. Wachs and R. Plomin, pp. 29-43. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Plotkin, H. (1997). Evolution in Mind. London: The Penguin Press.
Plowright, C.M.S., Lamdry, F., Church, D., Heyding, J., Dupuis-Roy, N., Thivierge, J.P., and Simonds, V. (in press). A change in orientation: recognition of rotated patterns by bumble bees.
Podos J., Peters S., Rudnicky T., Marler P. and Nowicki S. (1992). The organization of song repertoires in song sparrows: themes and variations. Ethology 90: 89-106.
Polakowski, K. J. (1989). A design approach to zoological exhibits: the zoo as theater. Zoo Biology Supplement 1: 127-139.
Poran, N. S., and Coss, R. G. (1990). Development of antisnake defenses in California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi): I. Behavioral and immunological relationships. Behaviour 112: 222-245.
Poulton, E.B. (1890). The Colours of Animals. New York: Appleton and Co.
Povinelli, D. (1994). How to create a self-recognizing gorilla (but don't try it on macaques). In Self-awareness in animals and humans, ed. S. T. Parker, R. W. Mitchell and M. L. Boccia, pp. 291-300. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Povinelli, D. (1996). Chimpanzee theory of mind?: the long road to strong inference. In Theories of Theories of Mind, ed. P. Carruthers P. Smith, pp. 330-343. Cambridge University Press.
Povinelli, D. J. (1994). How to create self-recognizing gorillas (but do not try it on macaques). In Self-awareness in animals and humans: developmental perspectives, ed. S. T. Parker and R. W. Mitchell and M. L. Boccia, pp. 291-300. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Povinelli, D. J. (2000). Folk Physics for Apes: Chimpanzees, Tool-Use, and Causal Understanding. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Povinelli, D. J. and Preuss, T. M. (1995). Theory of mind: evolutionary history of a cognitive specialization. Trends in Neuroscience 18: 418-424.
Povinelli, D. J., Gallup, G. G., Jr., Eddy, T. J., Bierschwale, D. T., Engstrom, M. C., Perilloux, H. K., and Toxopeus, I. B. (1997). Chimpanzees recognize themselves in mirrors. Animal Behavior 53: 1083-1088.
Povinelli, D. J., Reaux, J. E., Bierschwale, D. T., Allain, A. D., and Simon, B. B. (1997). Exploitation of pointing as a referential gesture in young children, but not adolescent chimpanzees. Cognition 12: 327-365.
Povinelli, D. J., Rulf, A. B., Landau, K. R., and Bierschwale, D. T. (1993). Self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): distribution, ontogeny, and patterns of emergence. Journal of Comparative Psychology 107: 347-372. [2]
Povinelli, D., Bierschwale, D., and Cech, C. (1999). Comprehension of seeing as a referential act in young children but not juvenile chimpanzees. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 17: 37-60.
Povinelli, D., Nelson, K., and Boysen, S. (1990). Inferences about guessing and knowing by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Comparative Psychology 104: 203-210.
Povinelli, D., Nelson, K., and Boysen, S. (1992). Comprehension of role reversal in chimpanzees: evidence of empathy? Animal Behaviour 43: 633-640.
Povinelli, D., Reaux, J., Bierschwale, D., and Allain, A. (1997). Exploitation of pointing as a referential gesture in young children, but not adolescent chimpanzees. Cognitive Development 12: 327-365.
Povinelli, D., Rulf, A., and Bierschwale, D. (1994). Absence of knowledge attribution and self-recognition in young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Comparative Psychology 108: 74-80.
Povinelli, D., and Eddy, T. (1996a). What young chimpanzees know about seeing. Monographs of the Society for Research on Child Development 61 (2, Serial No. 247): 1-191. [2]
Povinelli, D., and Eddy, T. (1996b). Factors influencing young chimpanzees' (Pan troglodytes) recognition of attention. Journal of Comparative Psychology 110: 336-345.
Povinelli, D.J., and Eddy, T.J. (1996). Chimpanzees: joint visual attention. Psychological Science 7: 129-135.
Power, T. G. (2000). Play and Exploration in Children and Animals. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [2]
Powers, W.T. (1973). Behavior: The control of perception. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co.
Premack, D. ( 1988). Minds with and without language. In Thought Without Language, a Fyssen Foundation Symposium, ed. L. Weiskrantz, pp. 46-65. New York: Clarendon Press.
Premack, D. (1975). On the origins of language. In Handbook of psychobiology, ed. M. S. Gazzaniga and C. B. Blackmore, pp. 591-605. New York: Academic Press.
Premack, D. (1978). On the abstractness of human concepts: Why it would be difficult to talk to a pigeon. In Cognitive processes in animal behavior, ed. S. H. Hulse, H. Fowler and W.K Honig, pp. 423-451. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Premack, D. (1978). On the abstractness of human concepts: Why it would be difficult to talk to a pigeon. In SCognitive processes in animal behavior, ed. H. Hulse, H. Fowler, and W.K. Honig, pp. 421-451. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Premack, D. (1983). The codes of beast and man. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6: 125-167. [4]
Premack, D. (1988). "Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?" revisited. In Machiavellian intelligence. Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans, ed. R.W. Byrne and A. Whiten, pp. 160-179. New York: Oxford University Press.
Premack, D. and Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1: 515-526. [2]
Proctor, H.C. (1992). Sensory exploitation and the evolution of male mating behavior: a cladistic test using water mites (Acari: Parasitengona). Animal Behaviour 44: 745-752.
Pryor, K., Haag, R., and O'Reilly, J. (1969). The creative porpoise: Training for novel behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12: 653-661.
Puce, A., Allison, T., Asgari, M., Gore, J.C. and McCarthy, G. (1996). Differential sensitivity of human visual cortex to faces, letterstrings, and textures: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of neuroscience 16: 5205-5215.
Puce, A., Allison, T., Bentin, S., Gore, J.C. and McCarthy, G.M. (1998). Temporal cortex activation in humans viewing eye and mouth movements. Journal of Neuroscience 18: 2188-2199.
Puce, A., Smith, A., Allison, T. (2000). ERPs evoked by viewing facial movements. Cognitive Neuropsychology 17: 221-239.
Quine W.V. (1973). On the reasons for the indeterminacy of translation. Journal of Philosophy 12: 178-183.
Quine, W. V. O. (1960). Word and Object. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Rachels, J. (1990). Created from animals: the moral implications of Darwinism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Raff, R. A. (1996). The Shape of Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ramus, F., Hauser, M.D., Miller, C., Morris, D., and Mehler, J. (2000). Language discrimination by human newborns and by cotton-top tamarin monkeys. Science 288: 349-351.
Rayor, L. S. (1988). Social organization and space-use in Gunnison's prairie dog. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 22: 69-78.
Reader, S. M., and Laland, K. N. (2001). Brain size and intelligence: comparative studies of innovation, tool use and social learning across the non-human primates. In 18th Congress of the International Primatological Society, Adelaide 7-12 January 2001.
Reaux, J., Theall, L., and Povinelli, D. (1999). A longitudinal investigation of chimpanzees' understanding of visual perception. Child Development 70: 215-290.
Redshaw, M. (1978). Cognitive development in human and gorilla infants. Journal of Human Evolution 7: 113-141.
Reeve, H. K. (1989). The evolution of conspecific acceptance thresholds. American Naturalist 133: 407-435.
Reichmuth Kastak, C., Schusterman, R.J. and Kastak, D. (in press). Equivalence classification by California sea lions using class-specific reinforcers. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.
Reid, P.J. and Shettleworth, S.J. (1992). Detection of cryptic prey: Search image or search rate? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 18: 273-286.
Reiserer, R. (in press). Stimulus control and other feeding responses: visual perception in vipers. In Biology of the pit vipers, ed. G. W. Schuett and M. Hoggren and H. W. Greene, pp. xxx-xxx. Traverse City, MI: Biological Sciences Press.
Rendall D., Cheney D.L., Seyfarth R.M., and Owren, M.J. (1999). The meaning and function of grunt variants in baboons. Animal Behaviour 57: 583-592.
Rendall D., Cheney D.L., and Seyfarth R.M. (2000) . Proximate factors mediating `contact' calls in adult female baboons and their infants. Journal of Comparative Psychology 114: 36-46.
Rendall, D. (1996). Social Communication and Vocal Recognition in Free-ranging Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California at Davis.
Rendall, D. and Owren, M.J. (in review). No meaning required: Abandoning the quest for a language grail in animal communication. Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
Rendall, D., Owren, M.J., and Rodman, P.S. (1998). The role of vocal tract filtering in identity cueing in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) vocalizations. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103: 602-614.
Rendall, D., Rodman, P.S. and Emond, R.E. (1996). Vocal recognition of individuals and kin in free-ranging rhesus monkeys. Animal Behaviour 51: 1007-1015.
Rendell, L. and Whitehead, H. (in press). Culture in whales and dolphins. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24: in press. [2]
Rescorla, R. A., Grau, J. W. and Durlach, P. J. (1985). Analysis of the unique cue in configural conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 11: 356-366.
Resnick, D. N., Shaw, F. H., Rodd, F. H., and Shaw, R. G. (1997). Evaluation of the rate of evolution in natural populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Science 275: 1934-1937.
Richards, D. G., Wolz, J. P. and Herman, L. M. (1984). Vocal mimicry of computer generated sounds and vocal labeling of objects by a bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Journal of Comparative Psychology 98: 10-28.
Ridgway, S. H. (1990). The central nervous system of the bottlenose dolphin. In The bottlenose dolphin, ed. S. Leatherwood and R. R. Reeves, pp. 69-97. New York: Academic Press.
Ridgway, S. H.. and Tarpley, R. J. (1996). Brain mass comparisons in Cetacea. In Proceedings of the International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Vol. 2, pp.55-57. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Ridley, M. (1996). The Origins of Virtue: Human Instincts and the Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Viking.
Rilling, M. E., and Neiworth, J. J. (1987). Theoretical and methodological considerations for the study of imagery in animals. Learning and Motivation 18: 57-79.
Riopelle, A. J., Nos, R., and Jonch, A. (1971). Situational determinants of dominance in captive young gorillas. Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of Primatology 3: 86-91.
Ristau, C. A. (ed.) (1991). Cognitive Ethology: The minds of other animals. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [2]
Ristau, C.A. (1991). Before mindreading: attention, purposes and deception in birds? In Natural theories of mind, ed. A. Whiten, pp. 209-222. Oxford: Blackwell.
Rivas, J. and Burghardt, G. M. (in press). Understanding sexual size dimorphism in snakes: wearing the snake's shoes. Animal Behaviour. [2]
Rizzolatti, G, Luppino G, Matelli M. (1998). The organization of the cortical motor system: new concepts. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 106: 283-296.
Rizzolatti, G. and Arbib, M.A. (1998). Language within our grasp. Trends in Neuroscience 21: 188-194.
Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Gallese, V. and Fogassi, L. (1996a). Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cognitive Brain Research 3: 131-141.
Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Matelli, M., Bettinardi, V., Paulesu, E., Perani, D. and Fazio, G. (1996b) Localization of grasp representations in humans by PET: 1. Observation versus execution. Experimental Brain Research 111: 246-252.
Robbins, R.K. (1981). The `false head' hypothesis: predation and wing pattern variation of lycaenid butterflies. American Naturalist 118: 770-775.
Roberts, A. (1996). Comparison of cognitive functions in human and non-human primates. Cognitive Brain Research 3: 319-327.
Roberts, G., and T. Sherrat (1998). Development of cooperative relationships through increasing investment. Nature 394: 175-179.
Roberts, W. A. (1998). Principles of Animal Cognition. Boston: McGraw Hill.
Roberts, W. A., and Mitchell, S. (1994). Can a pigeon simultaneously process temporal and numerical information? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 20: 66-78.
Roberts, W.A. (1997). Does a common mechanism account for timing and counting phenomena in the pigeon? In Time and Behavior: Psychological and Neurobiological Analyses, ed. C.M. Bradshaw and E. Szabadi, pp. 185-215. New York: Elsevier Science.
Robinson J.G. (1979). An analysis of the organization of vocal communication in the titi monkey Callicebus moloch. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 49: 381-405.
Robinson J.G. (1984). Syntactic structure in the vocalizations of wedge-capped capuchin monkeys, Cebus olivaceus. Behaviour 90: 46-79.
Robinson, R. (1971). Lepidopteran Genetics. Oxford: Pergamon.
Rogoff, B. (1990). Apprenticeship in Thinking: cognitive development in social context. New York: Oxford University Press.
Roitblat, H. L., Helweg, D. A., and Harley, H. E. (1995). Echolocation and imagery. In Sensory systems of aquatic mammals, ed. R. Kastelein, J. Thomas, and P. Nachtigall, pp. 171-181. Woerden, The Netherlands: De Spil.
Roitblat, H. L., Moore, P. W. B., Helweg, D. A., and Nachtigall, P. E. (1993). Representation and processing of acoustic information in a biomimetic neural network. In From Animals to Animats 2: Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, ed. J.-A. Meyer, S. W. Wilson, and H. L. Roitblat, pp. 90-99. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Roitblat, H. L., Moore, P. W. B., Nachtigall, P. E. and Penner, R. H., (1991). Natural Dolphin Echo Recognition Using an Integrator Gateway Network. In Advances in neural information processing systems 3, ed. D. S. Touretsky, and R. Lippman, pp. 273-281. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
Roitblat, H. L., Penner, R. H., and Nachtigall, P. E. (1990). Matching-to-sample by an echolocating dolphin. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 16: 85-95.
Roitblat, T. G., Bever, T. and Terrace, H., eds. (1984). Animal cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Romanes, G. J. (1883). Animal Intelligence. New York: Appleton.
Romanes, G. J. (1883). Mental Life of Animals. London: Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trübner, and Co. [2]
Romanes, G. J. (1884). Mental Evolution in Animals. New York: Appleton.
Romanes, G. J. (1892). Animal intelligence. 5th ed. London: Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trübner, and Co.
Rosch, E., and Mervis, C.B. (1975). Family resemblances: Studies in the internal structure of categories. Cognitive Psychology 7: 573-605.
Rose, L.M., Fedigan, L.M. (1995). Vigilance in white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus, in Costa Rica. Animal Behaviour 49: 63-70.
Rosenberg, A. (1990). Is there an evolutionary biology of play? In Interpretation and explanation in the study of animal behavior: Vol. 1, Interpretation, intentionality, and communication, ed. M. Bekoff and D. Jamieson, pp. 180-196. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Rosenfield, L. (1968). From Animal Machine to Beast Machine. New York: Octagon Books.
Rossbach, K. A. and Herzing, D. L. (1997). Underwater observations of benthic-feeding bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), near Grand Bahama Island, Bahamas. Marine Mammal Science 13: 498-504.
Roush, R. S. and Snowdon, C. T. (1999). The effects of social status on food-associated calling behaviour in captive cotton-top tamarins. Animal Behaviour 58: 1299-1305.
Roush, R. S. and Snowdon, C. T. (2000). Quality, quantity, distribution and audience effects on food calling in cotton-top tamarins. Ethology 106: 673-690.
Rowe, M. P., Coss, R. G., and Owings, D. H. (1986). Rattlesnake rattles and burrowing owl hisses: A case of acoustic Batesian mimicry. Ethology 72: 53-71.
Rowe, M. P., and Owings, D. H. (1978). The meaning of the sound of rattling by rattlesnakes to California ground squirrels. Behaviour 66: 252-267.
Rowe, M. P., and Owings, D. H. (1990). Probing, assessment, and management during interactions between ground squirrels and rattlesnakes. Part 1: Risks related to rattlesnake size and body temperature. Ethology 86: 237-249.
Rowell, T. (2000). A Few Peculiar Primates. In Primate Encounters: Models of Science, Gender, and Society, ed. S. C. Strum and L. M. Fedigan, pp. 57-70. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Rowell, T.E. and Hinde, R.A. (1962). Vocal communication by the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 138: 279-294.
Rozin, P. (1976). The evolution of intelligence and access to the cognitive unconscious. In Progress in psychobiology and physiological psychology, Vol. 6, ed. J.M. Sprague and A.N. Epstein, pp. 245-280. New York: Academic.
Rozin, P. (1990). Development in the food domain. Developmental Psychology 26: 555-562.
Rozin, P., and Kalat, J. W. (1971). Specific hungers and poison avoidance as adaptive specializations of learning. Psychological Review 78: 459-486.
Rumbaugh, D., and Pate, J. (1984a). The evolution of cognition in primates: A comparative perspective. In Animal cognition, ed. H.L. Roitblat, T. Bever, and H. Terrace, pp. 569-587. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence erlbaum Associates.
Rumbaugh, D., and Pate, J. (1984b). Primates' learning by levels. In Behavioral evolution and integrative levels, ed. G. Greenberg and E. Tobach, pp. 221-240. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Russon, A., Bard, K. and Parker, S. T., eds. (1996). Reaching into thought: The minds of great apes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Russon, A., and Galdikas, B. M. F. (1995). Constraints on Great Apes' Imitation: Model and Action Selectivity in Rehabilitant Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) Imitation. Journal of Comparative Psychology 109: 5-17.
Ryan M.J. and Rand A.S. (1990). The sensory basis of sexual selection for complex calls in the Tungara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus (sexual selection for sensory exploitation). Evolution 44: 305-314.
Ryan, M.J. (1998). Sexual selection, receiver biases, and the evolution of sex differences. Science 281: 1999-2003.
Ryan, M.J. and Rand, A.S. (1993). Sexual selection and signal evolution: the ghost of biases past. Proceedings of the Royal society of London B 340: 187-195.
Saidel, E. (1998). Beliefs, Desires, and the Ability to Learn. American Philosophical Quarterly 35: 21-37.
Saidel, E. (1999). Critical Notice of Andy Clark's Being There. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 29: 299-318.
Sakura, O. (1989). Variability in contact calls between troops of Japanese macaques: A possible case of neutral evolution of animal culture. Animal Behaviour 38: 900-902.
Santiago, H. C., and Wright, A. A. (1984). Pigeon memory: Same/different concept learning, serial probe recognition acquisition, and probe delay effects on the serial-position function. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 10: 498-512.
Santos, L. R. and Caramazza, A. (in press). The domain-specific hypothesis: A developmental and comparative perspective on category-specific deficits. In Category-Specificity in Brain and Mind, ed. G. Humphreys and E. Forde. New York: Psychology Press.
Santos, L. R., Hauser, M. D., and Spelke, E. S. (under review). Representations of food kinds in the rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): An Unexplored Domain of Knowledge. Cognition.
Santos, L. R., Miller, C. T., and Hauser, M. D. (1999). Knowledge of functionally-relevant features for different objects kinds. Poster presented at the Biennial Meeting for the Society for Research in Child Development. Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Santos, L. R., Miller, C. T., and Hauser, M.D. (under review). The features that guide them: Distinguishing between functionally relevant and irrelevant features of artifacts in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Cognition and Development.
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. (1986). Ape language: From conditioned response to symbol. New York: Columbia University Press.
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., Murphy, J., Sevcik, R. A. and Brakke, K. E. (1993). Language comprehension in ape and child. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 58, v-221.
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., Murphy, J., Sevcik, R.A., Brakke K.E., Williams, S.L., and Rumbaugh, D.M. (1993). Language Comprehension in Ape and Child. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 58: v-221.
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., Romski, M. A., Hopkins, W. D. and Sevcik, R. (1989). Symbol acquisition and use by Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, and Homo sapiens. In Understanding chimpanzees, ed. P. G. Heltne and L. A. Marquardt, pp. 266-295. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., Wilkerson, B. J. and Bakeman, R. (1977). Spontaneous gestural communication among conspecifics in the pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus). In Progress in ape research, ed. G. H. Bourne, pp. 97-116. New York: Academic.
Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S, Rumbaugh, D.M., Smith, S.T., and Lawson, J. (1980). Reference: the linguistic essential. Science 210: 92-925.
Savage-Rumbaugh, S, Shanker, S.G., and Taylor, T. J. (1998). Apes, Language, and The Human Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.
Savage-Rumbaugh, S., and Lewin, R. (1994). Kanzi: The Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Scaife, M., and Bruner, J.S. (1975). The capacity of joint visual attention in the infant. Nature 253: 265-266.
Scheel, D. and Packer, C. (1991). Group hunting behaviour of lions: a search for cooperation. Animal Behaviour 41: 697-709.
Schlichting, C. and M. Pigliucci (1998). Phenotypic Evolution: A Reaction Norm Perspective. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
Schneider, E.H. (1963). The rhythmic approach in music therapy. In Music Therapy. Vol. 12, ed. E.H. Schneider, pp. 71-97. Lawrence, KS: Allen.
Schrödinger, E. (1967). What is Life? Mind and Matter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schrier, A.M., Angarella, R., and Povar, M. (1984). Studies of concept formation by stumptail monkeys: concepts monkeys, humans and letter A. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 10: 564-584.
Schuler, W. and Roper, T.J. (1992). Responses to warning coloration in avian predators. Advances in the Study of Behavior 21: 111-146.
Schusterman, R.J. (1968). Experimental laboratory studies of pinniped behavior. In The Behavior and Physiology of Pinnipeds, ed. R.J. Harrison, R.C. Hubbard, R.S. Peterson, C.E. Rice, and R.J. Schusterman, pp. 87-171. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Schusterman, R.J. and Gisiner, R. (1988). Artificial language comprehension in dolphins and sea lions: The essential cognitive skills. Psychological Record 39: 311-348.
Schusterman, R.J. and Gisiner, R.C (1989). Please parse the sentence: Animal cognition in the Procrustean bed of linguistics. Psychological Record 39: 3-18.
Schusterman, R.J. and Gisiner, R.C. (1997). Pinnipeds, porpoises and parsimony: Animal language research viewed from a bottom-up perspective. In Anthropomorphism, Anecdotes and Animals, ed. R.W. Mitchell, N.S. Thompson and H. Lyn Miles, pp. 370-382. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Schusterman, R.J. and Kastak, D. (1993). A California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) is capable of forming equivalence relations. Psychological Record 43: 823-839.
Schusterman, R.J. and Kastak, D. (1998). Functional equivalence in a California sea lion: Relevance to social and communicative interactions. Animal Behaviour 55: 1087-1095.
Schusterman, R.J. and Kastak, D.A. (1993). A California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) is capable of forming equivalence relations. Psychological Record 43: 823-839.
Schusterman, R.J. and Kastak, D.A. (1998). Functional equivalence in a California sea lion: Relevance to animal social and communicative interactions. Animal Behaviour 55: 1087-1095. [2]
Schusterman, R.J. and Krieger, K. (1984). California sea lions are capable of semantic comprehension. Psychological Record 34: 2-23.
Schusterman, R.J. and Krieger, K. (1986). Artificial language comprehension and size transposition by a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Comparative Psychology 100: 348-355.
Schusterman, R.J., Gisiner, R., Grimm, B.K. and Hanggi, E.B. (1991). Retroactive interference of delayed matching-to-sample in California sea lions. Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, San Francisco, CA.
Schusterman, R.J., Gisiner, R., Grimm, B.K. and Hanggi, E.B. (1993). Behavior control by exclusion and attempts at establishing semanticity in marine mammals using match-to-sample paradigms. In Language and Communication: Comparative Perspectives, ed. H. Roitblat, L. Herman and P. Nachtigall, pp. 249-274. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Schusterman, R.J., Hanggi, E.B. and Gisiner, R. (1992). Acoustic signaling in mother-pup reunions, interspecies bonding, and affiliation by kinship in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). In Marine Mammal Sensory Systems, ed. J.A. Thomas, R.A. Kastelein and Y.A. Supin, pp. 533-551. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Schusterman, R.J., Hanggi, E.B. and Gisiner, R.C. (1993). Remembering in California sea lions: Using priming cues to facilitate language-like performance. Animal Learning & Behavior 21: 377-383.
Schusterman, R.J., Reichmuth, C.J. and Kastak, D. (2000). How animals classify friends and foes. Current Directions in Psychological Science 9: 1-6.
Schusterman, R.J., and Gisiner, R. (1988). Artificial language comprehension in dolphins and sea lions: the essential cognitive skills. Psychological Record 38: 311-348.
Schwartz, B. (1984). Psychology of Learning and Behavior (2nd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton.
Scott, J. P. and Fuller, J. L. (1965). Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. [3]
Scudder, R. M., and Burghardt, G. M. (1983). A comparative study of defensive behavior in three sympatric species of water snakes. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 63: 17-26.
Searcy W.A., Nowicki S. and Peters S. (1999). Song types as fundamental units in vocal repertoires. Animal Behaviour 58: 37-44.
Sebeok, T. A. and Rosenthal, R., eds. (1981). The Clever Hans phenomenon: Communication with horses, whales, apes, and people. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.
Seligman, M. E. P., Maier, S. F., and Geer, J. (1968). Alleviation of learned helplessness in the dog. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 73: 256-262.
Seligman, M. E. P., Rosellini, R. A., and Kozak, M. (1975). Learned helplessness in the rat: Reversibility, time course, and immunization. Journal of Comparative of Physiological Psychology 88: 542-547.
Sella, G. (1985). Reciprocal egg trading and brood care in a hermaphroditic polychaete worm. Animal Behaviour 33: 938-944.
Sella, G. (1988). Reciprocation, reproductive success and safeguards against cheating in a Hermaphroditic polychaete worm. Biological Bulletins 175: 212-217.
Sella, G., and Lorenzi, G. (2000). Partner fidelity and egg reciprocation in the simultaneously hermaphroditic polychaete worm Ophryotrocha diadema. Behavioral Ecology 11: 260-264.
Semendeferi, K. (1999). The frontal lobes of the great apes with a focus on the gorilla and the orangutan. In The Mentalities of Gorillas and Orangutans, ed. R. M. H. M. S. Parker, pp. 70-95. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Serpell, J., and Barrett, P. (eds.) (1996). The domestic dog: its evolution, behaviour and interactions with people. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Seyfarth, R. M. (1980). The distribution of grooming and related behaviors among adult female vervet monkeys. Animal Behaviour 28: 798-813.
Seyfarth, R. M. and Cheney, D. L. (1984). Grooming, alliances, and reciprocal altruism in vervet monkeys. Nature 308: 541-543
Seyfarth, R. M. and Cheney, D. L. (1986). Vocal development in vervet monkeys. Animal Behaviour 34: 1640-1658. [2]
Seyfarth, R. and Cheney, D. L. (1997). Behavioral mechanisms underlying vocal communication in nonhuman primates. Animal Learning & Behavior 25: 249-267. [2]
Seyfarth, R.M. and Cheney, D.L. (2001). Cognitive strategies and the representation of social relationships by monkeys. In Evolutionary Psychology and Motivation, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, vol. 48, ed. J.A. French, A.C. Kamil and D.W. Leger, pp. xxx-xxx. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Seyfarth, R.M. and Cheney, D.L. (in press). Hierarchical structure in the social knowledge of monkeys. In Animal Social Complexity, ed. F.B.M. de Waal and P.L. Tyack, pp. xxx-xxx. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Seyfarth, R.M., Cheney, D.L., and Marler, P. (1980). Vervet monkey alarm calls: Semantic communication in a free-ranging primate. Animal Behaviour 28: 1070-1094. [3]
Seyfarth, R. M., Cheney, D. L., and Marler, P. (1980). Monkey responses to three different alarm calls: Evidence of predator classification and semantic communication. Science 210: 801-803.
Shepard, R. N., and Cooper, L. A. (1982). Mental images and their transformations. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Sherry, D. F., Jacobs, L. F., and Gaulin, S. J. C. (1992). Spatial memory and adaptive specialization of the hippocampus. Trends in Neurosciences 15: 298-303.
Sherry, D. F., and Duff, S. J. (1996). Behavioural and neural bases of orientation in food-storing birds. Journal of Experimental Biology 199: 165-172.
Sherry, D. F., and Schacter, D. L. (1987). The evolution of multiple memory systems. Psychological Review 94: 439-454.
Sherry, D., Vaccarino, A. L., Buckenham, K., and Herz, R. S. (1989). The hippocampal complex of food-storing birds. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 34: 308-317.
Sherry, D., and Vaccarino, A. L. (1989). Hippocampus and memory for food caches in black-capped chickadees. Behavioral Neuroscience 103: 308-318.
Shettleworth, S. J. (1995). Comparative studies of memory in food storing birds: From the field to the Skinner box. In Behavioral Brain Research in Naturalistic and Semi-Naturalistic Settings, ed. E. Alleva, A. Fasolo, H. P. Lipp, L. Nadel, and L. Ricceri, pp. 159-192. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press.
Shettleworth, S. (1998). Cognition, Evolution and Behavior. New York: Oxford University Press. [7]
Shettleworth, S. J. (in preparation). Asssociations, maps, and modules in animal spatial behavior. .
Shettleworth, S. J., and Hampton, R. H. (1998). Adaptive specializations of spatial cognition in food storing birds? Approaches to testing a comparative hypothesis. In Animal Cognition in Nature, ed. R. P. Balda, I. M. Pepperberg, and A. C. Kamil, pp. 65-98. San Diego: Academic Press.
Shillito, D. J., Gallup, G. G., Jr, and Beck, B. B. (1999). Factors affecting mirror behavior in western lowland gorillas, Gorilla gorilla. Animal Behavior 57: 999-1004.
Shillito, D. J., Gallup, G.G., Jr., and Beck, B. B. (1999) Factors affecting mirror behaviour in western lowland gorillas, Gorilla gorilla. Animal Behaviour 57: 999-1004.
Shumaker, R. W. (1997). Observational Learning in the Orang utan. Unpublished master's thesis, George Mason University.
Shumaker, R. W., Palkovich, A., M., Beck, B. B., Guagnano, G., and Morowitz, H. (2001). Quantity Judgment by the Orang utan (Pongo pygmaeus). Manuscript submitted for publication.
Shumaker, R. W., Swartz, K., and Smits, W. (In prep.) Individual Differences in Learning Set Formation by Orang utans (Pongo pygmaeus).
Shumaker, R. W., and Beck, B. B. (2001). Observational Learning in the Orang utan. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Sidman, M. (1994). Equivalence Relations and Behavior: A Research Story. Boston, MA: Author's Cooperative.
Sidman, M. (2000). Equivalence relations and the reinforcement contingency. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 74: 127-146.
Siegler, R.S. (1991). In young children's counting, procedures precede principles. Educational Psychology Review 3: 127-135
Silk, J.B. (1999). Male bonnet macaques use information about third-party rank relationships to recruit allies. Animal Behaviour 58: 45-51.
Silvertown, J. and D. Gordon (1989). A Framework for Plant Behavior. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 20: 349-366.
Singer, P. (1975). Animal Liberation. New York: Avon Books.
Singer, P. (1981). The expanding circle: ethics and sociobiology. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Siviy, S. M. and Panksepp, J. (1987). Sensory modulation of juvenile play in rats. Developmental Psychobiology 20: 39-55.
Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. [2]
Skinner, B.F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior. New York: The Macmillan Company.
Slobodchikoff, C. N. (1984). Resources and the evolution of sociality. In A new ecology, ed. P. W. Price, C. N. Slobodchikoff, and W. S. Gaud, pp. 227-251. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Slobodchikoff, C. N. and Coast, R. (1980). Dialects in the alarm calls of prairie dogs. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 7: 49-53.
Slobodchikoff, C. N., Ackers, S. H., and Van Ert, M. (1998). Geographical variation in alarm calls of Gunnison's prairie dogs. Journal of Mammalogy 79: 1265-1272.
Slobodchikoff, C. N., Fischer, C., and Shapiro, J. (1986). Predator-specific alarm calls of prairie dogs. American Zoologist 26: 557.
Slobodchikoff, C. N., Kiriazis, J., Fischer, C., and Creef, E. (1991). Semantic information distinguishing individual predators in the alarm calls of Gunnison's prairie dogs. Animal Behaviour 42: 713-719.
Smale, L., Frank , L. G., and Holekamp, K. E. (1993). Ontogeny of dominance in free-living spotted hyenas: Juvenile rank relations with adults. Animal Behaviour 46: 467-477.
Smale, L., Nunes, S., and Holekamp, K. E. (1997). Sexually dimorphic dispersal in mammals: patterns, causes and consequences. Advances in the Study of Behavior 26: 181-250.
Smith, L. K., Fantella, S.-L. N. and Pellis, S. M. (1999). Playful defensive responses in adult male rats depend on the status of the unfamiliar opponent. Aggressive Behaviour 25: 141-152.
Smith, L. K., Field, E. F., Forgie, M. L. and Pellis, S. M. (1996). Dominance and age-related changes in the play fighting of intact and post-weaning castrated male rats (Rattus norvegicus). Aggressive Behavior 22: 215-226.
Smith, L. K., Forgie, M. L., and Pellis, S. M. (1998). Mechanisms underlying the absence of the pubertal shift in the playful defense of female rats. Developmental Psychobiology 33: 147-156.
Smith, W. J. (1991). Animal communication and the study of cognition. In Cognitive ethology: The minds of other animals, ed. C.A. Ristau, pp. 209-230. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Smith, W.J. (1977). The Behavior of Communicating: An Ethological Approach. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Smulders, T. V., Shiflett, M. W., Sperling, A. J., and DeVoogd, T. J. (2000). Seasonal changes in neuron numbers in the hippocampal formation of a food-hoarding bird. Journal of Neurobiology 44: 414-422.
Smuts, B. (1985). Sex and Friendship in Baboons. Chicago: Aldine. [2]
Smuts, B. B. (1983). Special relationships between adult male and female olive baboons: Selective advantages. In Primate Social Relationships, ed. R. A. Hinde, pp. 262-266. Blackwell, Oxford.
Smuts, B.B. (1999). Sex and friendship in baboons, second edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Smuts, B.B. and Watanabe, J.M. (1990). Social relationships and ritualized greetings in adult male baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis). International Journal of Primatology 11: 147-172.
Smuts, B.B., Cheney, D.L., Seyfarth, R.M., Wrangham, R.W., and Struhsaker T.T. (1987). Primate societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Snowdon, C. T. and Elowson, A. M. (1999). Pygmy marmosets modify call structure when paired. Ethology 105: 893-908.
Snowdon, C. T., Elowson, A. M. and Roush, R. S. (1997). Social influences on vocal development in New World primates. In Social influences on vocal development, ed. C. T. Snowdon and M. Hausberger, pp. 234-248. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Snowdon, C.T. and Cleveland (1980) . Individual recognition of contact calls by pygmy marmosets. Animal Behaviour 28: 717-727.
Snyder, N.F., Wiley, J.W., and Kepler., C.B. (1987). The parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican Parrot. Los Angeles, CA: Western Foundation for Vertebrate Zoology.
Sober, E. (1994). The Adaptive Advantage of Learning and A Priori Prejudice. In From a Biological Point of View, E. Sober, pp. 50-69. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sober, E., and D. S. Wilson (1998). Unto Others. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Spelke, E. S. (1985). Preferential looking methods as tools for the study of cognition in infancy. In Measurement of Audition and Vision in the First Year of Post-Natal Life, ed. G. Gottlieb and N. Krasnegor, pp. 37-61. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corp.
Spelke, E. S. (1991). Physical knowledge in infancy: Reflections on Piaget's theory. In The Epigenesis of Mind: Essays on Biology and Cognition, ed. S. Carey and R. Gelman, pp. 37-61. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Spelke, E., Breinlinger, K., Macomber, J. and Jacobson, K. (1992). Origins of knowledge. Psychological Review 99: 605-612.
Sperber, D. (1994). The modularity of thought and the epidemiology of representations. Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity in Cognition and Culture, ed. L. A. Hirschfeld and S. A. Gelman, pp. 39-67. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Spiker, D. and Ricks, M. (1984). Visual Self-recognition in autistic children: Developmental relationships. Child Development 55: 214-225.
Spinka, M., Newberry, R. C., and Bekoff, M. (2001). Mammalian play: Can training for the unexpected be fun? Quarterly Review of Biology (in press).
Spruijt, B.M., Bos, van den R. and Pijlman F. (2001). A concept of welfare based on how the brain evaluates its own activity: Anticipatory behaviour as an indicator for this activity. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 72: 145-171.
Staddon, J. E. R. (1989). The tyranny of anthropocentrism. Perspectives in Ethology 8: 123-135.
Staddon, J.E.R. (1983). Adaptive Behavior and Learning. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Stafford, D. K., Milliken, G. W., and Ward, J. P. (1993). Patterns of hand and mouth lateral biases in bamboo leaf shoot feeding and simple food reaching in the gentle lemur (Hapalemur griseus). American Journal of Primatology 29: 195-207.
Stamps, J. A. (1995). Motor learning and the value of familiar space. American Naturalist 146: 41-58.
Stander, P. E. (1992a). Foraging dynamics of lions in a semi-arid environment. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70: 8-21.
Stander, P. E. (1992b). Cooperative hunting in lions: the role of the individual. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 29: 445-454.
Stanford, C.B. (1998). Chimpanzee and Red Colobus: The Ecology of Predator and Prey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Stanford, C.B., J. Wallis, E. Mpongo and J. Goodall (1994). Hunting decisions in wild chimpanzees. Behaviour 131: 1-20.
Stanford, C.B., J. Wallis, H. Matama and J. Goodall (1994). Patterns of predation by chimpanzees on red colobus monkeys in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, 1982-1991. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 94: 213-228.
Starkey, P., and Cooper, R.G. (1995). The development of subitizing in young children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 13: 399-420.
Steels, L. (1997a). Constructing and sharing perceptual distinctions. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Machine Learning, ed. M. van Someran and G. Widmer, pp. xxx-xxx. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Steels, L. (1997b). The synthetic modeling of language origins. Evolution of Communication 1: 1-34.
Steenbeck, R., Piek, R.C., van Buul, M., van Hooff, J.A.R.A.M. (1999). Vigilance in wild Thomas's langur (Presbytis thomasi): The importance of infanticide risk. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 45: 137-150.
Steger, R. and Caldwell R. L. (1983). Intraspecific deception by bluffing: A defense strategy of newly molted stomatopods. Science 221: 558-560.
Stephens, C. (forthcoming). When is it Selectively Advantageous to Have True Beliefs? Sandwiching the Better Safe than Sorry Argument. Philosophical Studies: in press.
Stephens, D. (1989). Variance and the Value of Information. American Naturalist 134: 128-40.
Stephens, D. (1991). Change, Regularity, and Value in the Evolution of Animal Learning. Behavioral Ecology 2: 77-89.
Stephens, D. W. and Krebs, J. R. (1986). Foraging Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Sterelny, K. (2001). The Evolution of Agency, and Other Essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R.J. (1997). The concept of intelligence and its role in lifelong learning and success. American Psychologist 52: 1030-1037.
Sternberg, R.J., and Kaufman, J.C. (1998). Human abilities. Annual Review of Psychology 49: 479-502.
Stoddard, P.K. (1996). Vocal recognition of neighbors by territorial passerines. In Ecology and evolution of acoustic communication in birds, ed. D.E. Kroodsma and E.H. Miller, pp. 356-374. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Stoinski, T. S., Wrate, J. L., Ure, N. and Whiten, A. (in press). Imitative learning by captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in a simulated food-processing task. Journal of Comparative Psychology: in press.
Stokes, E. J., and Byrne, R. W. (2001). Cognitive capacities for behavioural flexibility in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes):The effect of snare injury on complex manual food processing. Animal Cognition 4(2): xxx-xxx.
Stone, V. E., Baron-Cohen, S., and Knight, R.T. (1998). Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10: 640-656.
Strauss, M.S. and Curtis, L.E. (1981). Infant perception of numerosity. Child Development 52: 1146-1152.
Strawson, P.F. (1958/1964). Persons. In Essays in philosophical psychology, ed. D.F. Gustafson, pp. 377-403. New York: Anchor Books.
Streit, M., Ioannides, A.A., Liu, L., Wolwer, W., Dammers, J., Gross, J., Gaebel, W., Muller-Gartner, H.W. (1999). Neurophysiological correlates of the recognition of facial expressions of emotion as revealed by magnetoencephalography. Cognitive Brain Research 7: 481-491.
Struhsaker, T. T. (1967). Auditory communication among vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). In Social communication among primates, ed. S.A. Altmann, pp. 281-324. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Strum, S. C. (1983). Use of females by male olive baboons (Papio anubis). American Journal of Primatology 5: 93-109.
Strum, S. C. and Fedigan, L. (1999). Theory, method and gender: what changed our views of primate society. In The New Physical Anthropology: science, humanism and critical reflection, ed. S. C. Strum, D. Lindburg and D. Hamburg, pp. 67-106. Englewoods Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Strum, S. C. and Forster, D. (2001). Nonmaterial artifacts: a distributed approach to mind. In In the Mind's Eye: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Evolution of Human Cognition, ed. A. Nowell, pp. 63-82. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory.
Strum, S. C., Forster, D. and Hutchins, E. (1997). Why Machiavellian intelligence may not be Machiavellian. In Machiavellian Intelligence II: extensions and evaluations, ed. A. Whiten and R. Byrne, pp. 50-85. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stuss, D. T., Gallup, G.G., Jr., and Alexander, M.P. (2001). The frontal lobes are necessary for theory of mind. Brain 124:279-286.
Suarez, S., and Gallup, G. G., Jr. (1981). Self-recognition in chimpanzees and orangutans, but not gorillas. Journal of Human Evolution 10: 157-188.
Suchman, L. (1987). Plans and Situated Actions: the problems of human-machine communication. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Sussman, R. W. (Ed.). (1979). Primate ecology. Problem-oriented field studies. John Wiley, New York.
Sutherland, R. J., and Rudy, J. W. (1989). Configural association theory: The role of the hippocampal formation in learning, memory, and amnesia. Psychobiology 17: 129-144.
Suthers, R. (1988). The production of echolocation signals by bats and birds. In Animal sonar: Processes and performance, ed. P. E. Nachtigall and P. W. B. Moore, pp. 23-45. New York: Plenum.
Sutton, D., Larson, C., Taylor, E. M. and Lindeman, R. C. (1973). Vocalization in rhesus monkey: Conditionability. Brain Research 52: 225-231.
Swaisgood, R. R. (1994). Assessment of rattlesnake dangerousness by California ground squirrels. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Davis.
Swaisgood, R. R., Owings, D. H., and Rowe, M. P. (1999). Conflict and assessment in a predator-prey system: Ground squirrels versus rattlesnakes. Animal Behaviour 57: 1033-1044.
Swaisgood, R. R., Rowe, M. P., and Owings, D. H. (1999). Assessment of rattlesnake dangerousness by California ground squirrels: Exploitation of cues from rattling sounds. Animal Behaviour 57: 1301-1310.
Swartz, K. B. (1998). Self-recognition in nonhuman primates. In Comparative Psychology: A Handbook, ed. G. Greenberg and M. Haraway, pp. 849-855. New York: Garland Press.
Swartz, K. B. and Evans, S. (1997). Anthropomorphism, anecdotes, and mirrors. In Anthropomorphism, anecdotes, and animals, ed. R. W. Mitchell, H. L. Miles, and N. Thompson, pp. 296-306. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
Swartz, K. B., Himmanen, S. A., Wolf, W. R., Jr., Shumaker, R. W., Bond, M. and Harris, G. W. (In prep.) Serial list learning by an orang utan (Pongo pygmaeus).
Swartz, K. B., Sarauw, D., and Evans, S. (1999). Comparative aspects of mirror self-recognition in great apes. In The mentalities of gorillas and orangutans in comparative perspective, ed. S. T. Parker, R. W. Mitchell, and H. L. Miles, pp. 283-294. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Swartz, K. B., Sarauw, D., and Evans, S. (1999). Comparative aspects of mirror self-recognition in great apes. In The mentalities of gorillas and orangutans, ed. S. T. Parker, R. W. Mitchell, and H. L. Miles, pp. 283-294. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Swartz, K. B., Shumaker, R. and Smits, W. (In prep.) Habituation and novelty responses by infant orang utans (Pongo pygmaeus).
Swartz, K. B., and Evans, S. (1991). Not all chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) show self-recognition. Primates 32: 483-496.
Swartz, K. B., and Evans, S. (1994). Social and cognitive factors in chimpanzee and gorilla mirror behavior and self-recognition. In Self-awareness in animals and humans: Developmental perspectives, ed. S. T. Parker, R. W. Mitchell, and M. L. Boccia, pp. 189-206. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Swartz, K. B., and Shumaker, R. (In prep.) Evidence for mirror self-recognition by a western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla).
Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 223: 96-102.
Tang, Y.-P., Shimizu, E., Dube, G. R., Rampon, C., Kerchner, G. A., Zhuo, M., Liu, G., and Tslen, J. Z. (1999). Genetic enhancement of learning and memory in mice. Nature 401: 63-69.
Tanner, J. E. and Byrne, R. W. (1993). Concealing facial evidence of mood. Perspective taking in a captive gorilla. Primates 34: 451-457.
Tanner, J. E. and Byrne, R. W. (1996). Representation of action through iconic gesture in a captive lowland gorilla. Current Anthropology 37: 162-173.
Tanner, N. M. and A. L. Zihlmann (1976). Women in evolution part 1: innovation and selection in human origins. Signs: Journal of Women, Culture, and Society 1: 585-608.
Tarsitano, M. S. and Jackson, R. R. (1997). Araneophagic jumping spiders discriminate between detour routes that do and do not lead to prey. Animal Behaviour 53: 257-266.
Tarsitano, M., Jackson, R.R. and Kirchner, W. (2000). Signals and signal choices made by araneophagic jumping spiders while hunting the orb-weaving spiders Zygiella x-notata and Zosis genicularis. Ethology 106: 595-615.
Tarsitano, M.S. and Andrew (1999). Scanning and route selection in the jumping spider Portia labiata. Animal Behaviour 58: 255-265.
Tarsitano, M.S. and Jackson, R.R. (1992). Influence of prey movement on the performance of simple detours by jumping spiders. Behaviour 123: 106-120.
Tarsitano, M.S. and Jackson, R.R. (1994). Jumping spiders make predatory detours requiring movement away from prey. Behaviour 131: 65-73.
Tayler, C. K. and Saayman, G. S. (1973) Imitative behaviour by Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in captivity. Behaviour 44: 286-298.
Taylor, C. E. (1987). Habitat selection within species of drosophila: A review of experimental findings, Evolutionary Ecology 1: 389-400.
Taylor, C. E. and Jefferson, D. R. (1995). Artificial life as a tool for biological inquiry. In Artificial Life: An Overview, ed. C.G. Langton, pp. 1-13. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Teal, T. and Taylor, C. E. (2000). Effects of compression on language evolution. Artificial Life 6: 129-143.
Teal, T., Albro, D., Stabler, E., and Taylor, C. (1999). Compression and adaptation. In Fifth European Conference on Artificial Life, pp. 709-719. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Teixidor P. and Byrne R.W. (1999). The `whinny' of spider monkeys: individual recognition before situational meaning. Behaviour 136:279-308.
Teleki, G. (1973). The Predatory Behavior of Wild Chimpanzees. Lewisburg, PA.: Bucknell University Press.
Templeton, J. J., Kamil, A. C. and Balda, R. P. (1999). Sociality and social learning in two species of corvids: The pinyon jay (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) and the Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana). Journal of Comparative Psychology 113: 450-455.
Terrace, H., Petitito, L., Saunders, R. J. and Bever, T. (1979). Can an ape create a sentence? Science 206: 891-902.
Terrick, T. D., Mumme, R. L., and Burghardt, G.M. (1995). Aposematic coloration enhances chemosensory recognition of noxious prey in the garter snake, Thamnophis radix. Animal Behaviour 49: 857-866.
Theall, L., and Povinelli, D. (1999). Do chimpanzees tailor their gestural signals to fit the attentional states of others? Animal Cognition 2: 207-214.
Thomas, R. K., Fowlkes, D., and Vickery, J.D. (1980). Conceptual numerousness judgments by squirrel monkeys. American Journal of Psychology 93: 247-257.
Thomas, R.K. (1980). Evolution of intelligence: an approach to its assessment. Brain, Behavior, and Evolution 17: 454-472.
Thompson R. K. R., and Oden, D. L. (2000). Categorical perception and conceptual judgments by nonhuman primates: The paleological monkey and the analogical ape. Cognitive Science 24: 363-396.
Thompson, K. V. (1998). Self assessment in juvenile play. In Animal play. Evolutionary, comparative, and ecological perspectives, ed. M. Bekoff and J. A. Byers, pp. 183-204. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.
Thompson, R. K. R. (1995). Natural and relational concepts in animals. In Comparative approaches to cognitive science, ed. H. L. Roitblat and J. A. Meyer, 175-224. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Thompson, R. K. R. and Herman, L. M. (1977). Memory for lists of sounds by the bottlenosed dolphin: Convergence of memory processes with humans? Science 195: 501-503.
Thompson, R. K. R., and Contie, C. L. (1994). Further reflections on mirror usage by pigeons: Lessons from Winnie-the-Pooh and Pinocchio too. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Thompson, R.K. and Oden, D.L. (1995). A profound disparity revisited: Perception and judgment of abstract identity relations by chimpanzees, human infants, and monkeys. Behavioural Processes 35: 149-161.
Thompson, R.K.R. (1995). Natural and relational concepts in animals. In Comparative Approaches to Cognitive Science, ed. H. Roitblat and J.A. Meyer, pp. 175-224. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. [2]
Thompson, R.K.R., Oden, D.L., and Boysen, S.T. (1997). Language-naive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) judge relations between relations in a conceptual matching-to-sample task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 23: 31-43.
Thomsen, C.E. (1974). Eye contact by non-human primates toward a human observer. Animal Behaviour 22: 144-149.
Thorndike, E. L. (1911). Animal Intelligence: Experimental studies. New York: Macmillan. [2]
Tilson, R. T., and Hamilton, W. J. (1984). Social dominance and feeding patterns of spotted hyaenas. Animal Behaviour 32: 715-724.
Timberlake, W. (1994). ). Behavior systems, associationism, and Pavlovian conditioning. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 1: 405-420.
Timberlake, W. (2001). Motivational modes in behavior systems. In Handbook of Contemporary Learning Theories, ed. R. R. Mowrer and S. B. Klein, pp. 155-209. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates. [2]
Timberlake, W. (in press). Integrating niche-related and general process approaches in the study of learning. Behavioural Processes.
Timberlake, W. and Silva, K. (1995). Appetitive behavior in ethology, psychology and behavior systems. In Perspectives in Ethology, 11, Behavioral design, ed. N.S. Thompson, pp. 211-253. New York: Plenum.
Timberlake, W. and Silva, K. M. (1995). Appetitive behavior in ethology, psychology, and behavior systems. In Perspectives in Ethology, ed. N. Thompson, pp. 211-253. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Timberlake, W. and Washburne, D. L. (1989). Feeding ecology and laboratory predatory behavior toward live and artificial moving prey in seven rodent species. Animal Learning & Behavior 17: 1-10.
Timberlake, W., Wahl, G., and King, D. (1982). Stimulus and response contingencies in the misbehavior of rats. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 8: 62-85.
Timberlake, W., and Delamater, A.R. (1991). Humility, science and ethological behaviorism. The Behavior Analyst 14: 37-41.
Timberlake, W., and Hoffman, C. M. (1998). Comparative analyses of learning. In Comparative Psychology: A Casebook, ed. G. Greenberg and M. Haraway, pp. 553-564. New York: Garland Publishing.
Timberlake, W., and Lucas, G. A. (1989). Behavior systems and learning: From misbehavior to general principles. In Contemporary Learning Theories: Instrumental Conditioning Theory and the Impact of Biological Constraints on Learning, ed. S. B. Klein and R. R. Mowrer, pp. 237-275. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
Timberlake, W., and Silva, K. M. (1995). Appetitive behavior in ethology, psychology, and behavior systems. In Perspectives in Ethology, Volume II: Behavioral Design, ed. N. S. Thompson, pp. 211-253. New York: Plenum Press.
Timberlake, W., and Silva, K.M. (1995). Appetitive behavior in ethology, psychology, and behavior systems. In Perspectives in Ethology, volume 11: Behavioral Design, ed. N.S. Thompson, pp. 211-255. New York: Plenum Press.
Tinbergen, L. (1960). The natural control of insects in pine woods I. Factors influencing the intensity of predation by songbirds. Archives Néerlandaises de Zoologie 13: 265-343.
Tinbergen, N. (1951). The Study of Instinct. Oxford: Clarendon Press. [3]
Tinbergen, N. (1959). Comparative studies of the behaviour of gulls (Laridae): A progress report. Behaviour 15: 1-70.
Tinbergen, N. (1963). On aims and methods in ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 20: 410-433. [3]
Tinbergen, Niko and Tinbergen, Elisabeth A. (1983). "Autistic" children: new hope for a cure. London: George Allen and Unwin.
Tinklepaugh, O. L. (1932). The multiple delayed reaction with chimpanzees and monkeys. Journal of Comparative Psychology 13: 207-243.
Todt, D. (1975). Social learning of vocal patterns and modes of their applications in Grey Parrots. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 39: 178-188.
Todt, D. (1988). Serial calling as a mediator of interaction processes: Crying in primates. In Primate Vocal Communication, ed. D. Todt, P. Goedeking and D. Symmes, pp. 88-107. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Todt, D., and Hultsch, H. (1996). Acquisition and performance of repertoires: ways of coping with diversity and versatility. In Ecology and evolution of communication, ed. D.E. Kroodsma and E.H. Miller, pp. 79-96. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Tolman, E. C. (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological Review 55: 189-208. [2]
Tomasello, M. (1996). Do Apes Ape? In Social Learning in Animals: The Roots of Culture, ed. C. M. Heyes, and B. G. Galef, Jr., pp. 319-346. New York: Academic Press, Inc. [2]
Tomasello, M. (1999). The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [2]
Tomasello, M. and Call, J. (1997). Primate Cognition. New York: Oxford University Press. [10]
Tomasello, M., Call, J. Nagell, K., Olguin, K., and Carpernter, M. (1994). The learning and use of gestural signals by young chimpanzees: A trans-generational study. Primates 35: 137-154.
Tomasello, M., Call, J. and Hare B. (1998). Five primate species follow the visual gaze of conspecifics. Animal behavior 55: 1063-1069.
Tomasello, M., Call, J., Warren, J., Frost, G. T., Carpenter, M. and Nagell, K. (1997). The ontogeny of chimpanzee gestural signals: a comparison across groups and generations. Evolution of Communication 1: 223-259.
Tomasello, M., Call, J., and Gluckman, A. (1997). Comprehension of novel communicative signs by apes and human children. Child Development 68: 1067-1080.
Tomasello, M., Call, J., and Hare B. (1998). Five primate species follow the visual gaze of conspecifics. Animal Behaviour 55: 1063-1069.
Tomasello, M., Davis-Dasilva, M., Camak, L., and Bard, K. (1987). Observational learning of tool-use by young chimpanzees. Human Evolution 2: 175-183.
Tomasello, M., George, B., Kruger, A., Farrar, M. and Evans, A. (1985). The development of gestural communication in young chimpanzees. Journal of Human Evolution 14: 175-186.
Tomasello, M., Hare B., and Agnetta, B. (1999). Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, follow gaze direction geometrically. Animal Behaviour 58: 769-777. [2]
Tomasello, M., Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. and Kruger, A.C. (1993). Imitative learning of actions on objects by children, chimpanzees, and enculturated chimpanzees. Child Development 64: 1688-1705.
Tooby, J. and Cosmides, L. (1992). The psychological foundations of culture. In The adapted mind, ed. J. Barkow, L. Cosmides and J. Tooby, pp. 19-136. New York: Oxford University Press.
Travis, S. E., Slobodchikoff, C. N., and Keim, P. (1997). DNA fingerprinting reveals low genetic diversity in Gunnison's prairie dog. Journal of Mammalogy 78: 725-732.
Travis, S. E., and Slobodchikoff, C. N. (1993). Effects of food resources on the social system of Gunnison's prairie dogs. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71: 1186-1192.
Treves, A. (1998). Primate social systems: Conspecific threat and coercion-defense hypotheses. Folia Primatologica 69: 81-88.
Treves, A. (1999). Within-group vigilance in red colobus and redtail monkeys. American Journal of Primatology 48: 113-126.
Treves, A. (2000a). Theory and method in studies of vigilance and aggregation. Animal Behaviour 60: 711-722.
Treves, A. (2000b). Prevention of infanticide: The perspective of infant primates. In Infanticide by Males and its Implications, ed. C.P. van Schaik and C.H. Janson, pp. 223-238. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Trick, L., and Pylyshyn, Z. (1993). What enumeration studies can show us about spatial attention: Evidence for limited capacity preattentive processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 19: 331-351.
Trivers, R. L. (1971) The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology 46: 189-226.
Tulving, E. (1962). Subjective organization in the free recall of "unrelated" words. Psychological Review 69: 344-354.
Tzeng, O.J.L. and Wang, W. (1983). The first two R's. American Scientist 71: 238-243.
Uehara, S., T. Nishida, M. Hamai, T. Hasegawa, H. Hayaki, M. Huffman, K. Kawanaka, S. Kobayoshi, J. Mitani, Y. Takahata, H. Takasaki, and T. Tsukahara (1992). Characteristics of predation by the chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. In Topics in Primatology, Volume 1: Human Origins, ed. T. Nishida, W.C. McGrew, P. Marler, M. Pickford, and F.B.M. deWaal, pp. 143-158. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
Uexküll, J. von (1909/1985). Environment (Umwelt) and the inner world of animals (C. J. Mellor & D. Gove, Trans.). In The Foundations of Comparative Ethology, ed. G. M. Burghardt, pp: 222-245. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. (Reprinted from von Uexküll, J. [ 1909] Umwelt and Innenwelt der Tiere. Berlin: Jena.) [3]
Uexküll, J. von (1921). Umwelt und Innenwelt der Tiere. Berlin.
Uexküll, J. von (1957). The world of animals and men. In Instinctive Behavior: The Development of a Modern Concept, ed. and trans. C. H. Schiller, pp. 5-81. New York: International Universities Press (Translated from Uexküll, J. von. (1934) Streifzuge durch die Umwelten von Tieren und Menschen. Berlin: Springer). [2]
Ujhelyi M, Merker B, Buk P, and Geissmann T. (2000). Observations on the behavior of gibbons (Hylobates leucogenys, H. gabriellae, and H. lar) in the presence of mirrors. Journal of Comparative Psychology 114: 253-262.
Ujhelyi, M. (1996). Is there any intermediate stage between animal communication and language? Journal of Theoretical Biology 180: 71-76.
Ujhelyi, M., Buk, P., Merker, B., and Geissmann, T. (2000). Observations on the behavior of gibbons (Hylobates leucogenys, H. Gabriellae, and H. lar) in the presence of mirrors. Journal of Comparative Psychology 114: 253-262.
Ullman, S. (1979). The interpretation of visual motion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Uttal, W. R. (1998). Toward a New Behaviorism: The Case Against Perceptual Reductionism. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Associates
Uzgiris, I. and Hunt, M. (1975). Assessment in infancy: Ordinal scales of psychological development. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
VanDeVeer, D. (1979). Interspecific justice. Inquiry 22: 55-70.
Vander Wall, S. B. (1982). An experimental analysis of cache recovery in Clark's nutcracker. Animal Behaviour 30: 84-94.
Vander Wall, S. B., and Balda, R. P. (1977). Coadaptations of the Clark's nutcracker and the pinon pine for efficient seed harvest and dispersal. Ecological Monographs 47: 89-111.
Vander Wall, S. B., and Balda, R. P. (1981). Ecology and evolution of food-storage behavior in conifer-seed -caching corvids. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 56: 217-242.
Vander Wall, S. B., and Hutchins, H. E. (1983). Dependence of Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) on conifer seeds during the postfledgling period. Canadian Field Naturalist 97: 208-214.
Varela, F. J., Thompson, E. and Rosch, E. (1991). The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Varner, G.E. (1998). In nature's interests? Interests, animal rights, and environmental ethics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Vauclair, J. (1996). Animal Cognition: Recent Developments in modern Comparative Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [2]
Vauclair, J., and Fagot, J. (1994). A joystick system for the study of hemispheric asymmetries in nonhuman primates. In Current Primatology: Behavioral Neuroscience, Physiology and Reproduction. Vol. 3, ed. J.R. Anderson, J.-J. Roeder, B. Thierry and N. Herrenschmidt, pp. 69-75. Strasbourg: Louis Pasteur University Press.
Vauclair, J., and Fagot, J. (1996). Categorization of alphanumeric characters by baboons (Papio papio): Within and between class stimulus discrimination. Current Psychology of Cognition 15: 449-462.
Vaughan, W., Jr., and Green, S. L. (1984). Pigeon visual memory capacity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 10: 256-271.
Via, S., Gomulkiewicz, R., DeJong, G., Scheiner, S. M., Schlichting, C. D., and van Tiederen, P. H. (1995). Adaptive phenotypic plasticity: consensus and controversy. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10: 212-214.
Visalberghi, E. (1990). Tool use in Cebus. Folia Primatologica 54: 146-154.
Visalberghi, E. (1997). Success and understanding in cognitive tasks: a comparison between Cebus apella and Pan troglodytes. International Journal of Primatology 18: 811-830.
Visalberghi, E. and Tomasello, M. (1998). Primate causal understanding in the physical and psychological domains. Behavioural Processes 42: 189-203.
Visalberghi, E., Pellegrini Quarantotti, B. and Tranchida, F. (2000). Solving a cooperation task without taking into account the partner's behavior. The case of capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Journal of Comparative Psychology 114: 297-301.
Visalberghi, E., and Fragaszy, D. (1990). Do Monkeys Ape? In "Language" and Intelligence in Monkeys and Apes: Comparative Developmental Perspectives, ed. S. Parker and K. Gibson, pp. 247-273. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [2]
Visalberghi, E., and Limongelli, L. (1996). Acting and understanding: Tool use revisited through the minds of capuchin monkeys. In Reaching into thought. The minds of the great apes, ed. A. Russon, K. Bard and S. Parker, pp. 57-79. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Voelkl, B., and Huber, L. (2000). True imitation in marmosets. Animal Behaviour 60: 195-202.
Volkmar, F.R. and Mayes, L.C. (1990). Gaze behavior in autism. Development and psychopathology 2: 61-69.
Von Bonin, G., Bailey P. (1947). The neocortex of macaca mulatta. Urbana IL: University of Illinois Press.
von Fersen, L., Wynne, C. D, , D., Staddon, J. E. (1991). Transitive inference formation in pigeons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 17: 334-341.
von Fersen, L., and Lea, S. E. G. (1990). Category discrimination by pigeons using five polymorphous features. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 54: 69-89.
von Frisch, K. (1974). Animal Architecture. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in Society: the development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Waddington, C. H. (1953). Genetic assimilation of an acquired character. Evolution 7: 118.
Wagner, A. R. (1981). SOP: A model of automatic memory processing in animal behavior. In Information processing in animals: Memory mechanisms, ed. N. E. Spear and R. R. Miller, pp. 5-47. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Wagner, A. R., Rudy, J. W., and Whitlow, J. W. (1973). Rehearsal in animal conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology 97: 407-426.
Wahaj, S., Guze, K., and Holekamp, K. E. (in press). Reconciliation in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). Ethology.
Wallenstein, G.V., Eichenbaum, H., and Hasselmo, M.E. (1998). The hippocampus as an associator of discontiguous events. Trends in Neurosciences 21: 317-323.
Wallman, J. (1992). Aping language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Walraven, V., van Elsacker, L., and Verheyen, R. (1995). Reactions of a group of pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) to their mirror images: evidence of self-recognition. Primates 36: 145-150.
Walters, J. (1980). Interventions and the development of dominance relationships in female baboons. Folia Primatologica 34: 61-89.
Walters, J.R. (1987). Transition to adulthood. In Primate societies, ed. B.B. Smuts, D.L. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W. Wrangham, and T. T. Struhsaker, pp. 358-368. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wang, R. F., Hermer, L. and Spelke, E. S. (1999). Mechanisms of reorientation and object localization by children: A comparison with rats. Behavioral Neuroscience 113: 475-485.
Warden, C. J., Jenkins, T. N., and Warner, L.H. (1935). Comparative Psychology: A Comprehensive Treatise, Vol. 1, Principles and Methods. New York: Ronald.
Waser P.M. (1977). Individual recognition, intragroup cohesion, and intergroup spacing: evidence from sound playback to forest monkeys. Behaviour 60: 28-74.
Waser P.M. (1982). The evolution of male loud calls among mangabeys and baboons. In Primate communication, ed. C. T. Snowdon, C. H. Brown and M. R. Petersen, pp. 117-143. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Waser, P.M. (1977). Individual recognition, intragroup cohesion and intergroup spacing: Evidence from sound playback to forest monkeys. Behaviour 60: 28-74.
Washburn, D., and Rumbaugh, D.M. (1991). Ordinal judgements of numerical symbols by macaques Macaca mulatta. Psychological Science 2: 190-193.
Washburn, S.L. and J.B. Lancaster (1968). The evolution of hunting. In Man the Hunter, ed. R. Lee and I. DeVore, pp. 293-303. Chicago: Aldine.
Wasserman, E. A. (1981). Comparative psychology returns: A review of Hulse, Fowler, and Honig's Cognitive processes in animal behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 35: 243-257.
Wasserman, E. A. (1982). Further remarks on the role of cognition in the comparative analysis of behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 38: 211-216.
Wasserman, E. A. (1983). Is cognitive psychology behavioral? Psychological Record 33: 6-11.
Wasserman, E. A. (1993). Comparative cognition: Beginning the second century of the study of animal intelligence. Psychological Bulletin 113: 211-228.
Wasserman, E. A. (1997). Animal cognition: Past, present, and future. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 23: 123-135.
Wasserman, E. A., Hugart, J. A., and Kirkpatrick-Steger, K. (1995). Pigeons show same-different conceptualization after training with complex visual stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 21: 248-252. [3]
Wasserman, E. A., and Miller, R. R. (1997). What's elementary about associative learning? Annual Review of Psychology 48: 573-607.
Watanabe, J.M. and Smuts, B.B. (1999). Explaining religion without explaining it away: trust, truth, and the evolution of cooperation in Roy A. Rappaport's "The obvious aspects of ritual." American Anthropologist 101: 98-112.
Watanabe, S. (1993). Object-picture equivalence in the pigeon: an analysis with natural concept and pseudo concept discriminations. Behavioural Processes 30: 225-232.
Watson, D. M., and Croft, D. B. (1996). Age-related differences in playfighting strategies of captive male red-necked wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus banksianus). Ethology 102: 33-346.
Watson, J. B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review 20: 158-177.
Watson, J. B. (1930). Behaviorism. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Watts, D.P. (1998). A preliminary study of selective visual attention in female mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei). Primates 39: 71-78.
Weary, D. M. (1989). Categorical perception of bird song: How do great tits (Parus major) perceive temporal variation in their song? Journal of Comparative Psychology 103: 320-325.
Wehner, R. and Wehner, S. (1990). Insect navigation: Use of maps or Ariadne's thread? Ethology, Ecology, and Evolution 2: 27-48.
Wehner, R., and Menzel, R. (1990). Do insects have cognitive maps? Annual Review of Neuroscience 13: 731-733.
Weiss, D. Garibaldi, B. and Hauser M.D. (in press). Individual recognition of cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus oedipus) long calls. Journal of Comparative Psychology.
Weldon, P. J. and Burghardt, G. M. (2001). Deception (mimicry): an integral component of sexual signals. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16: 228.
Welford, A. T. (1960). The measurement of sensory-motor performance: survey and reappraisal of twelve years progress. Ergonomics 3: 189-230.
Werner, G. M., and Dyer, M. G. (1992). Evolution of communication in artificial organisms. In Artificial life II: The second workshop on the synthesis and simulation of living systems, ed. C. G. Langton, C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer and S. Rasmussen, pp. 659-687. Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley.
West-Eberhard, M. J. (1975). The evolution of social behavior by kin selection. Quarterly Review of Biology 50: 1-35.
Whalen, P.J. (1998). Fear, vigilance, and ambiguity: Initial neuroimaging studies of the human amygdala. Current Directions in Psychological Science 7: 177-188.
Whalen, P.J., Rauch, S.L., Etcoff, N.L., McInerney, S.C., Lee, M.B., Jenike, M.A. (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. Journal of Neuroscience 18: 411-418.
Whishaw, I. Q., Metz, G. A. S., Kolb, B. and Pellis, S. M. (2001). Accelerated nervous system development contributes to behavioral efficiency in the laboratory mouse: a behavioral review and theoretical proposal. Developmental Psychobiology, in press.
Whishaw, I. Q., Sarna, J. R. and Pellis, S. M. (1998). Evidence for rodent-common and species-typical limb and digit use in eating, derived from a comparative analysis of ten rodents. Behavioural Brain Research 96: 79-91.
White, D. J., and Galef, B. G., Jr. (1999a). Mate choice copying and conspecific cueing in Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. Animal Behaviour 57: 465-473.
White, D. J., and Galef, B. G., Jr. (1999b). Social effects on mate choices of male Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica. Animal Behaviour 57: 1005-1012.
White, D. J., and Galef, B. G., Jr. (2000). Differences between the sexes in direction and duration of response to seeing a potential sex partner mate with another. Animal Behaviour 59: 1235-1240.
Whitehead, A. N. (1926). Science in the Modern World. New York, NY: Macmillan.
Whiten A. and Byrne R.W. (1988). Tactical deception in primates. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11: 233-66.
Whiten A., Byrne R.W., Barton R.A., Waterman P.G. and Henzi S.P. (1991). Dietary and foraging strategies of baboons. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 334: 27-35.
Whiten, A. (1988). Acquisition of foraging techniques in infant olive baboons. Paper presented at the XII Congress of the International Primatological Society, Brasilia.
Whiten, A. (1997). The Machiavellian mindreader. In Machiavellian Intelligence II: Extensions and Evaluations, ed A. Whiten and R.W. Byrne, pp. 144-173. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Whiten, A. (1998a). Evolutionary and developmental origins of the mindreading system. In Piaget, Evolution and Development, ed. J. Langer and M. Killen, pp 73-99. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Whiten, A. (1998b). Imitation of the sequential structure of actions by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Comparative Psychology 112: 270-281.
Whiten, A. (1999). The Machiavellian Intelligence Hypothesis. In MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences, ed. R. Wilson and F. Keil, pp. 495-7. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Whiten, A. (2000). Primate culture and social learning. Cognitive Science 24: 477-508.
Whiten, A. (2000a). Social complexity and social intelligence. In The Nature of Intelligence. Novartis Symposium 233: 185-201. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Whiten, A. (2000b). Chimpanzee cognition and the question of mental re-representation. In Meta-representations, ed. D. Sperber, pp. 139-167. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Whiten, A. (2000c). Primate culture and social learning. Cognitive Science (Special Issue on Primate Cognition) 24: 477-508.
Whiten, A. (2001). Theory of mind in non-verbal apes? Conceptual issues and the critical experiments. Philosophy (Proceedings of the Royal Institute of Philosophy, Naturalism, Evolution and Mind 1999) in press.
Whiten, A. and Boesch, C. (2001). The cultures of chimpanzees. Scientific American 284: 48-55.
Whiten, A. and Byrne, R. W. (1988). Tactical deception in primates. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11: 233-273.
Whiten, A. and Byrne, R., eds. (1997). Machiavellian intelligence II: Extensions and evaluations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [3]
Whiten, A. and Byrne, R.W. (1988). Tactical deception in primates. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11: 233-244.
Whiten, A. and Ham, R. (1992). On the nature and evolution of imitation in the animal kingdom: Reappraisal of a century of research. Advances in the Study of Behavior 21: 239-283.
Whiten, A. and Ham, R. (1992). On the nature and evolution of imitation in the animal kingdom: reappraisal of a century of research. In Advances in the study of behavior, Vol. 21, ed. P. J. B. Slater, J. S. Rosenblatt, C. Beer, and M. Milinski, pp. 239-283. New York: Academic Press.
Whiten, A., Custance, D.M., Gomez, J.-C., Teixidor, P. and Bard, K.A. (1996). Imitative learning of artificial fruit processing in children (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Journal of Comparative Psychology 110: 3-14.
Whiten, A., Goodall, J, McGew, W.C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., Tutin, C.E.G., Wrangham, R.W. and Boesch, C. (1999). Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature 399: 682-5.
Whiten, A., ed. (1991). Natural theories of mind: Evolution, development and simulation of everyday mindreading. Oxford Basil Blackwell.
Whitt, L. A., Roberts, M., Norman, W., and Grieves, V. (2001). Indigenous Perspectives. In A Companion to Environmental Philosophy, ed. D. Jamieson, pp. 3-20. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Wickler, W. (1965). Mimicry and the evolution of animal communication. Nature 208: 519-521.
Wickler, W. (1968). Mimicry in Plants and Animals. Translated from German by R. D. Martin. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Wiens, J. A. (1996). Wildlife in patchy environments: metapopulations, mosaics and management. In Metapopulations and wildlife conservation, ed. D. R. McCullough, pp. 53-84. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Wilcox, R.S. and R.R. Jackson (1998). Cognitive abilities of araneophagic jumping spiders. In Animal Cognition in Nature, ed. I. Pepperberg, A. Kamil, and R. Balda, pp. 411-434. New York: Academic Press.
Wilcox, R.S., Jackson, R.R., and Gentile, K. (1996). Spiderweb smokescreens: spider trickster uses background noise to mask stalking movements. Animal Behaviour 51: 313-326.
Wilcox, R.S., and Kashinsky, W. (1980). A computerized method of analyzing and playing back vibratory animal signals. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation 12: 361-363.
Wilkinson, G. (1984). Reciprocal food sharing in vampire bats. Nature 308: 181-184.
Wilkinson, G. (1987). Reciprocal altruism in bats and other mammals. Ethology and Sociobiology 9: 85-100.
Wilkinson, K.M., Dube, W.V. and McIlvane, W.J. (1998). Fast mapping and exclusion (emergent matching) in developmental language, behavior analysis and animal cognition research. The Psychological Record 48: 407-422.
Williams, K. (1995). Comprehensive nighttime activity budgets of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Unpublished master's thesis, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA.
Wilson, D. S. (1980). The Natural Selection of Populations and Communities. Menlo Park: Benjamin Cummings.
Wilson, D. S. (1983). The group selection controversy: History and current status. Annual Review of Ecological Systems 14: 159-187.
Wilson, D. S., and E. Sober (1994). Re-introducing group selection to the human behavioral sciences. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17: 585-654.
Wilson, D. S., and L. A. Dugatkin (1997). Group selection and assortative interactions. American Naturalist 139, 336-351.
Wilson, E. O. (1975) Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wilson, M. D. (1995). Animal ideas. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association 69: 7-25.
Wiltschko, W., Balda, R. P., Jahnel, M., and Wiltschko, R. (2000). Sun compass orientation in seed-caching corvids: its role in spatial memory. Animal Cognition 2: 215-221.
Witt P. N. (1975). The web as a means of communication. Bioscience Communications 1: 7-23.
Wolf, D. P. (1984). Repertoire, style and format: notions worth borrowing from children's play. In: Play in animals and humans, ed. P. K. Smith, pp. 175-193. Oxford (UK): Basil Blackwell Publisher limited.
Wood, A. (1998). Kant on duties regarding nonrational nature. The Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume: 189-210.
Woodruff-Pak, D. S. (1993). Eyeblink classical conditioning in H. M.: Delay and trace paradigms. Behavioral Neuroscience 107: 911-925.
Wrangham, R. (1999). Evolution of Coalitionary Killing. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 42: 1-30.
Wrangham, R. W., and Goodall, J. (1989). Chimpanzee Use of Medicinal Leaves. In Understanding Chimpanzees, ed. P. G. Heltne, and L. A. Marquardt, pp. 22-37. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wrangham, R.W. (1980). An ecological model of female-bonded primate groups. Behaviour 75: 262-300.
Wright, A. A. (1997). Concept learning and learning strategies. Psychological Science 8: 119-123.
Wright, A. A., Cook, R. G., Rivera, J., Sands, S. F., and Delius, J. (1988). Concept learning by pigeons: Matching to sample with trial-unique video picture stimuli. Animal Learning & Behavior 16: 436-444.
Wright, A. A., Santiago, H. C., Urcuioli, P. J., and Sands, S. F. (1983). Monkey and pigeon acquisition of same/different concept using pictorial stimuli. In Quantitative analyses of behavior, Vol. 4, ed. M. L. Commons, R. J. Herrnstein, and A. R. Wagner, pp. 295-317. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Wright, A., Cook, R., and Rivera, J. (1988). Concept learning by pigeons: Matching to sample with trial-unique video picture stimuli. Animal Learning & Behavior 16: 436-444.
Wynn, K. (1998). Psychological foundations of number: Numerical competence in human infants. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2: 296-303.
Wynn, T. (1989). The evolution of spatial competence. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Wyvell, C.L., and Berridge, K.C. (2000). Intra-accumbens amphetamine increases the conditioned incentive salience of sucrose reward: Enhancement of reward "wanting" without enhanced "liking" or response reinforcement. The Journal of Neuroscience 20: 8122-8130.
Xu, F. and Spelke, E.S. (2000). Large number discrimination in 6-month-old infants. Cognition 74: B1-B11.
Yamauchi, B. M., and Beer, R. D. (1994). Sequential behavior and learning in evolved dynamical neural networks. Adaptive Behavior 2: 219-246.
Ydenberg, R. C. (1998). Behavioral decisions about foraging and predator avoidance. In Cognitive Ecology: The Evolutionary Ecology of Information Processing and Decision Making, ed. R. Dukas, pp. 343-378. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Yerkes, R. M., and Yerkes, A. W. (1929). The Great Apes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Yerkes, R.M. (1912). The Intelligence of Earthworms. Journal of Animal Behavior II:322-352.
Yoerg, S.I. (1991). Ecological frames of mind: the role of cognition in behavioral ecology. Quarterly Review of Biology 66: 287-301.
Young, A.W., Hellawell, D.J., Van De Wal, C. and Johnson, M. (1996). Facial expression processing after amygdalotomy. Neuropsychologia 34: 31-9.
Young, M. E., Wasserman, E. A., Hilfers, M. A., and Dalrymple R. (1999). The pigeon's variability discrimination with lists of successively presented visual stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 25: 475-490.
Young, M. E., and Wasserman, E. A. (1997). Entropy detection by pigeons: Response to mixed visual displays after same-different discrimination training. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 23: 157-170.
Zabel, C.J., Glickman, S.E., Frank, L.G., Woodmansee, K. B., and Keppel G. (1992). Coalition formation in a colony of prebubertal spotted hyaenas. In Coalitions and alliances in humans and other animals, ed. A.H. Harcourt and F.B.M. de Waal, pp. 113-135. Oxford: Oxford Science.
Zamble, E., Hadad, G. M., Mitchell, J. B., and Cutmore, T. R. (1985). Pavlovian conditioning of sexual arousal: First-and second-order effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes 11: 598-610.
Zayan, R., and Vauclair, J. (1998). Categories as paradigms for comparative cognition. Behavioural Processes 42: 87-99.
Zeigler, H. P., and Bischof, H. J. (1993). Vision, brain, and behavior in birds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Zimen, E. (1982). A wolf pack sociogram. In Wolves of the world, ed. F.H. Harrington and P.C. Paquest, pp. 282-322. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes.
Zollner, P.A. and Lima, S. L. (1997). Landscape-level perceptual abilities in white-footed mice: perceptual range and the detection of forested habitat. Oikos 80: 51-60.
Zuberbühler, K. (2000a). Causal cognition in a non-human primate: field playback experiments with Diana monkeys. Cognition 76: 195-207.
Zuberbühler, K. (2000b). Causal knowledge of predators' behaviour in wild Diana monkeys. Animal Behaviour 59: 209-220.
Zuberbühler, K. (2000c). Interspecific semantic communication in two forest monkeys. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 267: 713-718.
Zuberbühler, K. (2000d). Referential labelling in Diana monkeys. Animal Behaviour 59: 917-927.
Zuberbühler, K., Cheney, D. L. and Seyfarth, R. M. (1999). Conceptual semantics in a nonhuman primate. Journal of Comparative Psychology 113: 33-42. [2]
Zuberbühler, K., Gygax, L, Harley, N., and Kummer, H. (1996). Stimulus enhancement and spread of a spontaneous tool use in a colony of Long-tailed Macaques. Primates 37: 1-12.
Zuberbühler, K., Noë, R. and Seyfarth, R. M. (1997). Diana monkey long-distance calls: messages for conspecifics and predators. Animal Behaviour 53: 589-604.
Zuriff, G. E. (1985). Behaviorism: A conceptual reconstruction. New York: Columbia University Press.